Apush Notes

1. The Shaping of atomic number 7 the States 1. Recorded muniment began 6,000 historic period ago. It was 500 years ago that atomic number 63ans found foot on the Americas to begin the era of accurately recorded history on the continent. 2. The theory of Pangaea exists suggesting that the continents were once nestled together into one mega-continent. The continents thereof spread out as drifting is pour downs. 3. Geologic forces of continental plates created the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains. 4. The Great Ice Age thrust down everyplace North America and scoured the present day American Midwest. 2. Peopling the Americas 1.The down Bridge theory 1. As the Great Ice Age diminished, so did the glaciers over North America. 2. The theory holds that a Land Bridge emerged linking Asia & North America across whats today the Bering Sea. People were said to acquit walked across the bridge before the sea level rose and slicked it eat up and thus populated the Americas. 2. The Land B ridge is suggested as occurring an estimated 35,000 years ago. 3. Many peoples emerged 1. Those groups that traversed the land bridge spread across North, Central, and South America. 2. incalculable tribes emerged with an estimated 2,000 languages.Notably 1. Incas Peru, with down network of roads and bridges linking their empire. 2. Mayas Yucatan Peninsula, with their step pyramids. 3. Aztecs Mexico, with step pyramids and large sacrifices of conquered peoples. 3. The Earliest Americans 1. Development of corn or maize almost 5,000 B. C. in Mexico was revolutionary in that 1. Then, people didnt have to be hunter-gatherers, they could situate down and be farmers. 2. This fact gave rise to towns and then cities. 3. Corn arrived in the present day U. S. around 1,200 B. C. 2. Pueblo Indians 1.The Pueblos were the 1st American corn growers. 2. They lived in adobe houses (dried mud) and pueblos (villages in Spanish). Pueblos are villages of cubicle shaped adobe houses, bosomy one on top the other and often beneath cliffs. 3. They had elaborate irrigation bodys to d raw(prenominal) water away from rivers to grown corn. 3. Mound Builders 1. These people reinforced gigantic ceremonial and burial mounds and were located in the Ohio V whollyey. 2. Cahokia, near eastmost St. Louis today, held 40,000 people. 4. Eastern Indians 1. Eastern Indians grew corn, beans, and grind in three sister res publica 1.Corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk, squashs broad leaves unploughed the sun forth the ground and thus kept the moisture in the soil. 2. This group likely had the best (most diverse) forage of all North American Indians and is typified by the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw (South) and Iroquois (North). 5. Iroquois Confederation 1. Hiawatha was the legendary drawing card of the group. 2. The Iroquois Confederation was a group of 5 tribes in upstart York state. 3. They were decipheral as authority and possessions passed down through with(predicate) the female line. 4.Each tribe kept their independence, but met occasionally to discuss matters of common interest, like war/defense. 5. This was non the norm. Usually, Indians were scattered and separated (and thus weak). 6. Native Americans had a very antithetic view of things as compared to Europeans. 1. Native Americans felt no objet dart have the land, the tribe died. (Europeans liked private property) 2. Indians felt nature was mixed with galore(postnominal) spirits. (Europeans were Christian and monotheistic) 3. Indians felt nature was sacred. (Europeans believed nature and land was given to man by God in Genesis to be subdued and ready to use). . Indians had little or no concept or interest in money. (Europeans loved money or florid) 4. Indirect Discoverers of the parvenue man1. The 1st Europeans to grapple to America were the Norse (Vikings from Norway). 1. Around 1,000 A. D. , the Vikings get, led by Erik the Red and Leif Erikson. 2. T hey landed in Newfoundland or Vinland (due to all of the vines). 3. However, these men unexpended America and left no written record and therefore didnt get the credit. 4. The whole record is found in Viking sagas or songs. 2. The Christian Crusaders of Middle Ages fought in Palestine to regain the Holy Land from Muslims.This mixing of East and air jacket created a sweet-tooth where Europeans wanted the spices of the exotic East. 5. Europeans Enter Africa This content copyright 2010 by WikiNotes. wikidot. com 1. Marco Polo traveled to China and stirred up a storm of European interest. 2. Mixed with desire for spices, an East to West (Asia to Europe) trade flourished but had to be overland, at least in part. This initiated new exploration down around Africa in hopes of an easier (all water) route.3. Portugal literally started a opinion polling school to find break out ways to get to the Spice Islands, eventually rounding Africas southern Cape of Good Hope. . New developments e merged 1. caravel a channel with triangular sail that could better tack (zig-zag) ahead into the wind and thus return to Europe from the Africa lantern slide. 2. compass to determine direction. 3. astrolabe a sextant gizmo that could tell a ships latitude. 5. Slave trade begins 1. Slavery was initially race-independent. A break ones back was whoever lost in battle. Usually, knuckle downs came from the Slavic partings of Europe, hence the name. 2. The first African slave trade was across the Sahara Desert. 3. Later, it was along the West African coast.Slave traders purposely ruin up tribes and families in order to squelch any possible uprising. 4. Slaves wounding up on sugar plantations the Portuguese had set up on the tropical islands off of Africas coast. 5. Spain watched Portugals success with exploration and slaving with admire and wanted a piece of the pie. 6. Columbus Comes upon a New cosmea 1. Columbus convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to fund his expedition. 2. His goal was to reach the East (East Indies) by sailing west, thus bypassing the around-Africa route that Portugal monopolized. 3.He misjudged the size of the Earth though, thinking it 1/3 the size of what it was. 4. So, after 30 days or so at sea, when he struck land, he assumed hed made it to the East Indies and therefore mistook the people as Indians. 5. This spawned the following system 1. Europe would provide the market, capital, technology. 2. Africa would provide the labor. 3. The New World would provide the raw materials of gold, soil, and lumber.7. When Worlds Collide 1. Of huge importance was the biological flip-flop of Old and New Worlds. Simply put, it was a trade of life such as plants, foods, animals, germs. . From the New World (America) to the Old 1. corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, etc. 2. in like manner, syphilis 3. From Old World to the New 1. cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus, carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc. 2. devastating diseases smallpox, yellow fever, malaria as Indians had no immunities. 1. The Indians had no immunities in their systems built up over generations. 2. An estimated 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly due to disease. 8. The Spanish Conquistadores 1.Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Portugal and Spain feuded over who got what land. The Pope drew this line as he was respected by both. 1. The line ran North-South, and chopped off the Brazilian coast of South America 2. Portugal got everything east of the line (Brazil and land around/under Africa) 3. Spain got everything west of the line (which turned out to be much more, though they didnt know it at the time) 2. Conquistadores is Spanish conquerors. 1. Vasco Balboa spy the Pacific Ocean across the isthmus of Panama.2. Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the globe (he was the first to do so). . Ponce de Leon touches and names Florida looking for legendary Fountain of Youth. 4. Hernando Cor tes enters Florida, travels up into present day Southeastern U. S. , dies and is buried in Mississippi River, 5. Francisco Pizarro conquers Incan Empire of Peru and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain. This huge influx of precious metals made European prices skyrocket (inflation). 6. Francisco Coronado ventured into current souwest U. S. looking for legendary Cibola, city of gold. He found the Pueblo Indians. 3. Encomienda system effected 1.Indians were commended or given to Spanish landlords 2. The idealistic theory of the encomienda was that Indians would work on the farm and be converted to Christianity. But it was basically just slavery on a sugar plantation guised as committeeary work. 9. The advantage of Mexico 1. Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan. 2. Cortez went from Cuba to present day Vera Cruz, then marched over mountains to the Aztec capital. 3. Montezuma, the Aztec king, thought Cortez cogency be the god Quetzalcoatl who was due to re-appear that very year. Montezuma welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan. . The Spanish lust for gold led Montezuma to attack on the noche triste, sad night. Cortez and men fought their way out, but it was smallpox that eventually beat the Indians. 5. The Spanish then destroyed Tenochtitlan, expression the Spanish capital (Mexico City) exactly on top of the Aztec city. 6. A new race of people emerged, mestizos, a mix of Spanish and Indian blood. 10. The beam of Spanish America 1. Spanish society quickly spread through Peru and Mexico 2. A threat came from neighbors 1. English John Cabot (an Italian who sailed for England) touched the coast of the current U.S. 2. Italy Giovanni de Verrazano also touched on the North American seaboard. 3. France Jacques Cartier went into tattle of St. Lawrence River (Canada). 3. To oppose this, Spain set up forts (presidios) all over the California coast. withal cities, like St. Augustine in Florid 4. Don Juan de Onate followed Coronados old thoroughfare into present day New Mexico. He conquered the Indians ruthlessly, maiming them by cutting off one foot of survivors just so theyd remember. 5. Despite mission efforts, the Pueblo Indians revolted in Popes Rebellion. 6.Robert de LaSalle sailed down the Mississippi River for France claiming the whole region for their King Louis and naming the area Louisiana after his king. This started a pile of place-names for that area, from LaSalle, Illinois to Louisville and then on down to New Orleans (the American comeback of Joan of Arcs famous victory at Orleans). 7. Black fiction The Black fable was the notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery) though true, they also brought good things such as law systems, architecture, Christianity, language, and civilization, so that the Black Legend is partly, but not entirely, accurate.