Bar and Bat Mitzvahs

Rites of musical outstrip roll in the hay on atomic number 18 a common element of conglomerate populations. These rites designate a change in the lives of those wantd. This change usually includes much responsibi illumineies of unrivaled kind or a nonher and the rite takes the stir upicipant into that contiguous phase of life. One such(prenominal) rite for those of the Judaic faith is the passage into matureness in a religious, and to an extent, a social sense. The bnai mitzvah, taphouse mitzvah for boys and lam mitzvah for girls, be the ceremonies established for this routine.The rite takes come on when a boy turns thirteen, or a girl twelve or thirteen, and afterwards, the child is because considered an adult within the religion, anticipate to take on the responsibilities thereof so that they whitethorn help to teach opposites the ways of the Jewish faith. These responsibilities include praying, observance of the Sabbath, fasting when it is take upd, and oth er such things.While such things were considered chiefly the responsibilities of those who were be culmination adult males, it has evolved all over the centuries to include females to champion extent or the other as wellhead, although Orthodox churches still tend to exclude women from playacting round(prenominal) of the tasks that have usanceally been the office staffs of the male. The word mitzvah is specify as a commandment, while stop over and bat, respectively, mean son and daughter.These terms indicate that those going by means of the ritual are now at a point where they tail fulfill the commandments, becoming responsible members of the faith and be welcomed into the adult population. From that point on, the child is considered an adult for purposes of single outicipating in temple ritual (Fox and Zimbler 18-19). According to Cohen and Weinrott, The goal of the obstruction and bat mitzvah is to repose the larger community, while at the same time recognizing uni tarys take unique individual spiritual and social circumstances (5). ar counterweight and waver Mitzvahs Page 2 of 9The first indication of the practice of the forfend mitzvah seems to be in the Talmud several centuries ago during the Second temple, when it is put d hold that the sages would bless a child who had reached the age of thirteen and who had fasted on Yom Kippur (Lewit and Epstein 5). At that time there was no ceremony tough, except the declaring of the boy as bar mitzvah on his thirteenth birth side significant day. He was considered an adult then, expected to follow the laws and take debt instrument for himself instead of creation considered the responsibility of his father.It was in the thirteenth or fourteenth nose candy that this transition became formalized in such a way that resembles the ritual practiced today. The ceremony then led into a meal to celebrate the boys transition, and by 1595, this feast became so sumptuous that a communal tax was place o n the celebration to stop such excesses (Cohen and Weinrott 11). The bat mitzvah was non such an illustrious occasion as early as the bar mitzvah. The Talmud records that, around the second or third century, girls came of age at twelve to fulfill the commandments.Women were not obligated like men to engage in approximately religious exercises, their responsibilities instead revolving around home and family. While this age was considered important, it was not until the s eveningteenth century that it was considered important to celebrate the occasion. France and Italy celebrated with a ceremony in the middle of the nineteenth century at the latest, barely it was not until 1922 that girls were accorded the same ceremony as boys with their bat mitzvah, when Mordecai Kaplan of the Society for the patterned advance of Judaism, who founded Reconstructive Judaism, held the ceremony for his daughter.In most congregations, a girl becomes bat mitzvah at twelve, while in others the ceremo ny is performed at thirteen, ostracise and baste Mitzvahs Page 3 of 9 like it is for boys. Different congregations of Judaism treat the coming of age of boys and girls in divergent ways. While roughlywhat give fitting credence to the two genders during this time in belief that both should be on equal footing, there are others who believe that the religious obligations of boys and girls are different and wherefore they should follow different rules.This carrys to even much differences in the observance of this superfluous time for girls than it does before, as some congregations have the equal ceremony for both genders while others give the girls less religious responsibility during the occasion. It is not that they consider the duties of a female to be less important, but separate and distinct from those expected from males. The celebration of these ceremonies took on different aspects in different countries starting late in the Middle Ages.The differences included such things as on which long time the ceremony took place and how much of the serve up was conducted by the boy himself. The Marranos in Spain and Portugal were forced to practice their religion in secret, and the day of the bat mitzvah was when a boy was introduced to the religion. This secrecy helped to bear upon the religion for more than 300 years in those countries. The traditional day for the bar or bat mitzvah to take place is on Saturday, which is known as Shabbat, or Sabbath.Bat mitzvahs are oft held on Fridays, different congregations either giving the choice as to whether to hold it on Shabbat or requiring that it be done on Friday night. It is in like manner possible for either ceremony to be held on Mondays or Thursdays, which were days in the days of the Temple when the Torah was rent. legal profession and Bat Mitzvahs Page 4 of 9 While some may postulate to enhance the event by combining it to some extent with existing Jewish holidays, there are certain days which are usually avoided.The traditions of these holidays can help to guess the day even more special and memorable. However, there are certain days that involve the remembrance of tragic times for the Jewish people, and these days, such as Yom Ha-Shoah, when the lives of those helpless in the Holocaust are remembered, are considered inappropriate for the occasion overdue to the solemnity and focus on those who have been lost. Many children who are climax their time of bar or bat mitzvah take part in a course of study to help prepare them for the occasion.Children are often taught in groups, and during this time they learn the blesss which are verbalise at the ceremony as well as the basic skills that are requisite for the temple, which include the use of the tallit, tefillin the blowing of a shofar how to lift and lay out the Torah, and other Jewish practices (Lewit and Epstein 35). In addition to this training of the children in groups comes more individualized training with t he cantor. Each child will usually draw four to six months training in this way.Other tutors may be utilised as well, giving the children a well-rounded and intensive study of what is to come and what is expected of them. Study aids such as the Tikkun are as well as helpful for this purpose. The Tikkun is a book that is used to help practice development the Torah, giving help not only with pronunciation, tho in addition with melody, which is a large part of the ceremonies in umteen congregations. The duties of the bar or bat mitzvah vary from congregation to congregation. At the simplest, it is simply the responsibility of the pertly proclaimed adult to tell a blessing at the Torah.This is the most sacred of books in the Jewish faith, and is Bar and Bat Mitzvahs Page 5 of 9 handwritten on a scroll made of parchment. It is considered an prize to recite a blessing at the Torah, and is the most important part of the bar or bat mitzvah. Depending upon the congregation, he or she will read part or all of the passage, and then the Torah is taken around the synagogue before being returned to its place in the ark which is either at the social movement or the center of every synagogue.Another common duty of the bar or bat mitzvah is to read the Haftarah, which is a reading from the Prophets. It, as the Torah, has its own melodies that are usually followed and which take much practice to get right. In some Reform congregations it and the Torah are merely recited. Some congregations can require even more responsibility from the bar or bat mitzvah. He or she can be expected not just to recite the entire Torah portion of the expediency, but also to lead some of the service or to take over with certain prayers.A speech can also be required, and the father usually recites a blessing as well, formally relinquishing responsibility for the child who has now become an adult. Some congregations also require the child to spend time writing what is known as a dvar Torah for the ceremony. This is a commentary on a portion or portions of the Torah that the child is expected to study and interpret in his or her own way. He or she usually relates it somehow to his or her life and the deduction of the Jewish faith to the individual writing it. The length of the document does not matter so long as it expresses something meaningful.In addition to the duties expected from the bar or bat mitzvah, others can play a significant role in the ceremony. The number of these can vary in different congregations, but it is considered an honor to the participants who perform those duties. Those who Bar and Bat Mitzvahs Page 6 of 9 take part in this are usually close to the child, and it is a duty that those asked to participate take very seriously. However, Orthodox churches tend to preclude the participation of women in most, if not all, of these. The most important role for one of these honorees is that of the aliyah.This is when one is allowed to go to the pulpit and both before and after one section is read from the Torah, to recite a blessing. The number of people who can be an aliyah can be as high as eight, with the plant it one being that of the child, who is to the final blessing, which is known as the Maftir. This demonstrates the first real responsibility that a child is accorded in the congregation to illustrate his or her adult status. Other honors can include family members who are allowed to read a section of the Torah as well as tasks that can be taken on in some cases by younger children. in that respect are also tasks that can be taken on by those who are not allowed to participate in the Torah service. They can help to hand things out, serve as ushers, or even decorate the synagogue for the ceremony and bake refreshments. There is also a tradition for many of those in the congregation to shake nuts and candies at the newly proclaimed adult after the ceremony, and deviation out such things is a job often taken on by young er family members. After the service, many Jewish families throw a celebration.This has been a big change from earlier days, when there was no pageant but simply a declaration of the child becoming an adult. still these celebrations have become an important part of some congregations, particularly those of American Jews. Many more traditional Jews frown upon the seeming hold of many families to try and outdo each other in the extravagance of this celebration. Bar and Bat Mitzvahs Page 7 of 9 One of the traditions that is often followed at Jewish celebrations, including the bnai mitzvah, is called the Kiddush.This is a prayer over wine that is defined as sanctification. Red wine is the most commonly used for this purpose and it is decided by the family who will chant the Kiddush. This can be one or more people, depending on their optence. The only one who is required to alcoholism from the goblet of wine is the chanter of the blessing, but some prefer to pass it around so that a ll may have a taste, or with larger groups, cups may be provided for all. Another blessing that is given is the Motzi, which is the blessing over bread.Bread is a very important part of the Jewish meal, and a braided bread known as challah is used for such a purpose as important ceremonies. They are symbolic, and represent not just the staff of life, but unity and peace as well (Cohen and Weinrott 151). The bread is blessed after the wine, giving thanks for the feast that is to be shared. During the Kiddush, the challah is covered with a cloth, some traditions stating that this is to protect the bread from being embarrassed because the wine is blessed first.After the blessing of the bread, there is no need for blessings to be said over any of the following courses. It is usually tradition for a grandparent, or eldest member of the family, to say the blessing over the bread as well as cut it after the blessing. It may then be sliced and then passed around to all present, although som e prefer to tear the bread with hands instead of cutting it with a knife. It is then usually salted before being eaten, and then the rest of the meal follows. A more recent tradition among the American Jews is that of the compact disk lighting ceremony.Thirteen or fourteen people are commonly chosen to light candles that are often placed on a cake, and sometimes make a blessing over the candles for the child. A Bar and Bat Mitzvahs Page 8 of 9 cake is not always used, however, with some people preferring a candelabra or other setting. When the candles are lit is also optional, some preferring it before the meal while others wait until after. medicinal drug is often used to announce the tradition, and special words are often said by those lighting them and occasionally by the child as well.During the celebration is also a time when many choose to make toasts to the child and his or her future and to wish that child well. The parents might choose to give speeches, and usually anyon e is invited to say something if they wish, although brevity is often appreciated. The ceremony of Havdalah, which government agency separation, is often incorporated into Saturday night celebrations, and regarding bar and bat mitzvahs, it is a special reminder of the bittersweet separation of youth and adulthood (Cohen and Weinrott 159).After the celebratory meal, it is a tradition to say the Birkat Ha-Mazon, which means grace after the meal. Four prayers make this up, and then there are also psalms and blessing said as well. There are many choices as to who can lead this service, from the rabbi to the bar or bat mitzvah. However, there are also those who prefer less formal graces, and they might even include a poem or other prayers. The conclusion of this grace is a prayer for peace. symphony has always been a large part of the Jewish culture therefore it is often included as an important part of the celebration.The offerings of this can compass anywhere from the simple to the more elaborate, depending upon the tastes of those involved. It is preferable to involve the guests with this, and that can be done in a variety of ways, from singing to dancing, which usually includes the hora. Bar and Bat Mitzvahs Page 9 of 9 The hora is a traditional leap used during Jewish celebrations. It was developed early in the twentieth century in Israel, and is a group dance, where the dancers are linked to each other in a circle, arms linked and hands on the shoulders of those close to them.This represents the closeness of the community and the equality of value of all of the people involved After the hora often comes the chair dance, in which the child sits in a chair and then that chair is lifted above their shoulders by those present. They are then danced that way, and often parents and other family members are allowed to share in the feelings of rejoicing by having their own turn in the chair. This dance emphasizes not only the individual who is put in the spotlig ht, but the community around that mortal who supports the chair and the individual during that time.The sense of community is very important to those of the Jewish faith, and this dance is a demonstration of this. Ceremony is a very of import part of Judaism. This can be seen in many of their holidays and ceremonies, and the importance of the bnai mitzvah can be considered to be the fact that it is this that pulls yet some other into the community of Jewish adults. The new adult is allowed then to participate in ways that only adults can, and this strengthens the religion as a whole, passing the traditions and beliefs on to another generation so that it may again be passed on to that persons children.Perhaps the fact that the Jewish people have been through much pain and difficulty throughout their history has helped to make these ceremonies even more important than they once were, transitioning them from a simple announcement of adulthood and breaking off of responsibility by th e father to the elaborate celebrations that many have today. Bibliography Cohen, Jayne and Lori Weinrott. 2004. The Ultimate Bar/Bat Mitzvah Celebration Book. rising York Clarkson Potter/Publishers. Fox, Karen L. and Phylliz Zimbler Miller.1992. Seasons for Celebratoin A Contemporary Guide to the Joys, Practices, and Traditions of the Jewish Holidays. New York The Putnam make Group. Himelstein, Dr. Shmuel. 1990. The Jewish Prayer Questions and Answers on Jewish Faith and Cuture. New York Facts on File, Inc. Lewit, Jane and Ellen Epstein. 1996. The Bar/Bat Mitzvah Planbook. Lanham, MD Scarborough House. Oppenheimer, Mark. 2005. Thirteen and a twenty-four hour period The Bar and Bat Mitzvah Across America. New York Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

Sun and Late Evening Light

non a cloud sailed on that particular Sunday evening. The climbers, John and bloody shame had reached the tops of the cliffs as the sun was setting. They looked over the town to one posture and the pee on the other. The whole mise en place setting appeared strikingly beautiful in the late evening light, for it was sunset. Their hearts began to fill with emotions as the vast stretch out sky started to turn from a baby blue to an autumn red, the clouds changed from like white to a flaming yellow orange giving the clouds a fluorescent laser lined effect.Birds chirped melodiously while flying absent to their homes in the pleasant breeze, they too enjoying the spectacular sight. The crystal clear water sparkled like diamonds. Everything was almost still and the effect of the light made the scene look like one in a painting. It was so perfect. The climbers gazed upon the picturous scene as the autumn sky turned darker. The sun seemed to be at peace, making the climbers feel good an d warm.The sun slowly began to fade away, as if it were about to fall off the edge of the water. John and Mary all of a sudden began to feel alive as they sat on the hill to teach in the epic event right before them, they felt alive, reborn and inspired. They slowly watched the autumn red sun disappear behind the dark blue sea and said to themselves, what a glorious sunset. One that would be etched in their memories for life.

Group Leader Charateristics

Reflecting feelings Reflecting feelings involves identifying client emotions and then paraphrasing this affective component covert to the client. congregation leaders use this skill to let members know that they are organism heard and understood. 2. Confronting Confrontation is used to assist clients to identify and look at discrepancies in their thoughts, behaviors, and feelings in order to resolve their problems and issues. Confrontation could be seen as an bombardment therefore many leaders shy away from onfrontation because they fear its thinkable repercussions.Skilled group counselors only confront when they care about the person, and they do so in a way that gives the person ample opportunity to consider what is being said. 3. Interpreting Interpreting is to provide clients with a broader understanding of their behaviors, attitudes, thoughts, and feelings. If a group leader is not sensitive to the client willingness or unwillingness to accept it the interpretation may be rejected.Interpreting too soon or in a dogmatic way or encouraging the members to bring forth dependent on the leader to provide meanings and answers are common mistakes of interpreting. 4. end setting Goal setting allows a client to have a long-term vision and short-term motivation. By setting goals one open fire achieve more, improve self- confidence, and increase motivation to achieve the set goal. In group counseling the productive goal is at the core, to help members occupy and clarify their own specific goals. 5.Active Listening Active listening involves paraphrasing and summarizing the clients emotions back to them, intercommunicate questions to express what they feel or believe or asking questions to achieve a better understanding of what is being communicated. As a group leader the goal is to listen, many leaders focus to intently on the content and in doing so do not present enough attention to the way in which group members express themselves. book of facts Corey, G. (2012). Theory and practice of group counseling (8th ed. ) Belmont, CA Brooks/cabbage ed. )

Crime and Punishment Essay

The themes of sacrifices and egoism are usual in his works. He believes that egoism became that fountain that destroyed earlier civilizations and do a threat to contemporary societies. Despite the fact that he saw goose egg wrong in the wish to self-perfection, he blamed those, who tried to agree their I to the rest of the world and considered only their own needs and desires. Raskolnikov, the whiz of Crime and Punishment is severely punished for his extreme egoism and brazen to command the decision nigh merciful lives.For example in The Brothers Karamazov Zosima worries or so moral responsibility for all actions, committed by the person. Ivan doubts his views and states that responsibility is nobody tho abstract nonion and without God it becomes impossible to talk about any limits to the behavior of an individual. In the poem Ivan declaims to his brother in the cafe he expresses his view on the let loose will. The Inquisitor blames Jesus for heavy(p) people big will, which has become a hard burden and the reason of misery. The feeling of guilt becomes Ivans price for an attempt to express his free will.Dostoevsky does not agree or disagree with any opinion discussed but he constructs the plot of the story in such a right sm device that the readers masturbate an opportunity to get the proofs of ideas, expressed by Zosima. (Dostoevsky) The characters of Dostoesky are obsessed by their noncurrent. In many his stories people cross the limit and take excessive responsibility to make the decision for other people and get severe punishment for it. In contrast to Borges, whose characters exist in present, and to Tolstoy, who regarded human history as a reason for all the events, which happen to us, Dostoevsky made the past the reason of suffering and misery.His characters are haunted by the ghosts from the past and can not find their place in present. For Dostoevsky the conflicts between free will and determination, and between egoism and responsibi lity become driving soldiery and a source for creativity. All three authors use literature not only as means to bring their messages for the readers, but also as a way to resolve their inner conflicts. Art is always a personal experience for both creator and those, who perceive it, and Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Borges make their art serve one ultimate purpose a quest for the import of life.Sources Dostoevsky, Feodor (1992). Crime and Punishment. Pevear, R. and Volokhonsky, L. transl. New York Alfred Knopf. Dostoevsky, Feodor (1992). The Brothers Karamazov. , Pevear, R. and Volokhonsky, L. transl. New York Alfred Knopf. Dostoevsky, Fyodor translation by Pevear, Richard and Volokhonsky, Larissa (1990). The Brothers Karamazov. New York Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Tolstoy, social lion (1969). War and Peace , transl. Rosemary Edmonds, Penguin. Borges, Jorge Luis (1998). Collected Fictions(translated by Andrew Hurley), Viking Penguin

Macro environment and business operations Essay

The macro- surroundings consists of larger societal forces that cloak entire micro-environment. The six forces making up the fellowships macro-environment include demographic, sparingal, natural, expert, political/sound, and companionable-cultural forces. Companies moldiness ever watch and conciliate to the selling environment in order to try on opportunities and ward off nemesiss. The merchandise environment comprises all the actors and forces influencing the corporations ability to transact trading effectively with its target marketplace place (Arm crocked and Kotler 2003, p.149). In this report, do PEST to analyze macro-environment forces how to adjoin on PepsiCo in mainland mainland mainland mainland mainland china. As we know, the PepsiCo was the first U.S. company to distribute its yields in China after China implement reform and gap up policy in 1979. by dint of many years tune operation in China, the company fully understands their cultivation adu lt malewide moldiness(prenominal) adapt Chinas macro-environmental mixed forces and must put into practice their localization schema Think local, execute local.In this report, by serious study and literature review, with constitute to relevant books, journals, search information from internet. First, the companys background is existence showed. Followed by macro-environment impact on merchandise activities of PepsiCo in China and macro-environment forces on PepsiCos marketing activities, finally, unitary conclusion is presented.Our conclusion that the best products and technology may analyze to meet with acceptance in markets around the conception because of lack of local macro-environmental awargonness.In economic world-wideization, all companies must identify, analyze, and reminder external environmental forces and assess their current and potential impact on their business activities. middleman (2001) stated clearly that macro-environment consist of a image of broade r forces that chance upon not only the company but besides an in the buff(prenominal)(prenominal) actors in the microenvironment. These keep be grouped under demographic, economic, social-cultural, political-legal, natural and technological forces.According to Kotler and Keller (2005), in the demographic environment, marketers must be aw atomic number 18 of oecumenic population growth, changing mixes of age, ethnic composition, educational levels and the move to micromarketing and away from band marketing. In the economic arena, marketers inquire to focus on income distribution and levels of savings, debt, and breed availability. In the social-cultural arena, marketers must understand races views of themselves, organisations, society, nature and the universe. They must market products that correspond to societys core and secondary quantifys, and resumeress the needs of different subcultures within a society.In the natural environment, marketers need to be aware of raw substantives shortages, increased energy costs and contaminant levels, and the changing occasion of g e precisewherenments in environmental protection. In the technological arena,marketers should fasten on account of the accelerating pace of technological change for innovation, varying R&D budgets, and the increased governmental regulation brought ab turn out by technological change. Finally, in the political-legal environment, marketers must work within the many laws regulating business practices and with unhomogeneous special-interest groups.In this report, use PEST to analyze macro-environment forces how to impact on PepsiCo in China leave be presented. Through many years business operation in China, the company understands their development worldwide must adapt Chinese macro-environmental various forces and must put into practice their localization st countgy Think local, Act local.2.0 COMPANY PROFILEPepsiCo was founded in 1965 d champion the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frit o-Lay. Tropicana was acquired in 1998 and PepsiCo merged with The Quaker Oats confederation, including Gatorade, in 2001. PepsiCo is a world needer in convenient foods and beverages, with 2006 revenues of more than $35 billion and 168,000 employees.PepsiCo front in China dates back to the earlier days of the communitys reforms. In 1981, Pepsi-Cola became one of the first American investors in China by signing an agreement with the Chinese government to build a bottling sic in Shenzhen. To date, PepsiCo has effected more than 40 joint or all owned ventures in China with a total investment over US$1 billion, directly employing 10,000 staff (Official website of PepsiCo).MACRO-ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ON merchandise ACTIVITIES OF PEPSICOIn analyzing the macro-environment, it is historic to identify the portions that might in turn affect a number of vital variables that are likely to influence the organizations supply and bespeak levels and its costs. A PEST abridgment is one of t hem that is merely a framework that categorizes environmental influences as political/legal, economic, social/cultural and technological forces. Such external factors usually are beyond the firms keep back and sometimes present themselves as threats. do PEST tool to analysis macro-environment influence on PepsiCo in China is inevitable.The political-legal environmentBefore you play the game, learn the rules. Some business throng designate a remarkable lack of knowledge just about marketings political-legal environment. Ignorance of or noncompliance with laws, ordinances, and regulations can lead to fines, embarrassing negative publicity, and maybe expensive civil damage suits. As a foreign company, PepsiCo delimitate to invest in Chinas beverage patience which is tightly controlled and subject to government approval. According to Chinese governments regulation, a new bottling plant before long requires about three-year wait for government approval, and bring down production volume must be re-authorized annually.In addition, PepsiCo has a global outline of TV advertising, PepsiCo has included everything from Chinese zodiac animals to Spring Festival couplets in its television commercials. This approach, combined with relatively long advertising score in the country has made Pepsi Cola the most recognized wanton-drink brand in China. However, governments policy and regulation can also impact on the companys market strategy. Being a commie country, in China, although flock now are very often drop of expression in ordinary life, there is still no large-minded media. The media is still very controlled by the government and there is always the gamble of having more regulations especially to foreigners.The economic environmentThe health of the economy influences how much consumers spend and what they buy. Consumer buying plays an important role in the economys health-indeed, consumer outlays feign up some two-thirds of overall economic activity. Ac cording to Boone and Kurtz (n.d.), economic environment consists of those factors that influence consumer buying power and marketing strategies. They include the be of business cycle, inflation, unemployment, resource availability, and income. As we know, Chinas economy grew at an averagerate of 10% per year during the period 1990-2006, the richlyest growth rate in the world. However, Chinese inflation ran at 5.3% for the second consecutive calendar month in August in 2006, according to official figures. PepsiCo has already met long challenge because inflation is a general rise in impairment resulting in decreased purchasing power. largeness utilise increase the companys costs like expense to purchase materials for production, and may lead to declining sales.Marketers of PepsiCo understood clearly that inflation lead cause consumers to react in two ways1). Decrease their brand loyalty. In a young research, most Chinese consumers are involuntary to use cheaper brand, and ho nesty, because it works exclusively as well.2). Stockup. Many consumers take advantage of coupons and sales to stock up ( pilus et al. 1992, p.52).In addition, income is another important factor in marketings economic environment because it influences consumer buying power. The bell of the product has to be affordable however there should be a premium that consumers are willing to pay for the health benefit as well as for the ultramodern and higher status image it will offer. The risk here is to fail in selling the value of the product and to set the premium to be higher than consumers are willing to pay.The social-cultural environmentComponent of the marketing environment consisting of the relationship between the marketer, society, and its culture. Doing business in China masteryfully requires an concord of China as a nation and of the culture of the Chinese people. A societys culture determines how it members communicate and interact with each other ( wire-haired pointing g riffon & Pustay 2003, p.85). A nations culture can impact on foreign countrys products and service. In China, many people are very interested in subdued drinks. A result of this has been emergencerates of obesity both Chinese adults and children. Due to Chinese culture, it is necessary that what they drink offers some benefits to their health. Nowadays, more and more Chinese people catch already pay attention to obesity problem. If soft drinks can not attend healthy, although increasing their market share, this is the risk the PepsiCo allow to face.In addition, an sympathy of the cultural practices in both the business and social environments is essential for be successful when doing business with Chinese companies (Patworks LLC. 2003). Initially when PepsiCo entered into Chinese market, the company has already lost some business opportunities in China because they evaluate the Chinese people do it my way. The Chinese culture is long accomplished and does not adapt quickly. For example, doing any business in China will require negotiation of contracts, impairments, and terms, etc. The negotiation process in China, compared to horse opera standards, will be very slow and deliberate. One difficulty in negotiation with Chinese companies is knowing what means no. Culturally, saying no directly is seen as rude and unacceptable. Many times when the company hears we will consider it, it really means no.The technological environmentThe technological environment represents the application to marketing of knowledge based on discoveries in science, inventions, and innovations. Major developments in technology can have enormous marketing implications because they can drastically alter industries. Despite the technological promise of this new product, the development stage of such innovations is lengthy and entangled. Company must often gamble on technology to attain success, and many companies have gambled and lost.PepsiCo had pass millions of dollars working on growing salad vegetables market to fast food concatenation in China. Technically the venture was sound-the infrastructure was set and the product was of high quality. The company had even arranged a machine to process and packages the zippy vegetables to give them a shelf life of two weeks, therefore opening up the Chinese market. However, the quality of the companys marketing did not match that of thetechnological planning stages. The fast food chain chosen not to buy the stock and the company had nowhere to off-land its vast standard of ripe vegetables- it had lost its markets.4.0 MACRO-ENVIRONMENT FORCES ON PEPSICOS MARKETING ACTIVITIESAs mentioned above, in business arena, one of the difficulties facing marketing managers is that environmental forces are chiefly beyond their control. merchandise organizations must try to adapt changing environmental conditions. Not only can environmental opportunity become threat environmental threat can also become opportunity (1989, p .55). Marketers must overcome various macro-environmental clash and barriers between Chinese macro-environment and international business.The political-legal environmentLaws and regulations affect all aspect of marketing operation and decision making-designing, labeling, distributing, advertising, and promoting goods and services. The focus of PepsiCo realized that major regulation has already impact on their marketing activities. To cope with the vast, complex, and changing nature of the political-legal environment, many larger companies maintain in-house legal department like PepsiCo. In addition, as a foreign company, marketers must comply with Chinas laws and regulations, however, noncompliance can scar a companys reputation and hurt profits.Marketers should take steps to control forces in political-legal environment. PepsiCo has invested heavily into adapting its operations and business strategies to the local culture and practice. It currently has 24 bottling joint-ventures i ndirectly through two Hong Kong-based companies that it partly owns and maintains a strong market presence through partnerships with the Chinese government and domestic companies. PepsiCo has established its Asia-Pacific headquarters in Shanghai running its operations for many countries.The economic environmentCompanies must scan, monitor, forecast, and assess the health of economies outside their host nation because nations are interconnected as a result of the global economy.Inflation rate is currently reaching to 5% in China, inflation pressures consumers to clear up more economical purchases. PepsiCo should realize that despite what happens to the sells cost, the purchaser is not going to pay more for a product than the value he or she places on it. When the economy is characterized by high inflation, a series of special pricing tactics are often necessary. Marketing managers should develop an effective cost-forecasting system and use anticipatory pricing. According to Hair et al. (1992), these tactics can be subdivided into cost-oriented and demand-oriented.Cost-orientated tactics consist of delayed-quotation pricing and moving stairway pricing. Delay-quotation pricing is a very popular pricing tactic that price is not set on the product until item is either undone or delivered. Demand-orientated pricing methods include price shady and increasing demand through increasing selected demand, unique offering, and system selling.As we know, the Chinese people are still to well-off life and their income are not very high. The pricing strategy is a very important part of the marketing mix, because it can affect both supply and demand for a company such as PepsiCo. Therefore the companys pricing strategy must adapt economic environment. One of the most important price factors of PepsiCo is customers affordability. If the price is too high, consumers will spend their cash on other goods. As a multinational company, it always must appeal to Chinese consumers, e specially in the era of globalization. The company have had adapt to the local economic environment in order to success. almost Chinese can afford an occasional soft drinka can of Coke cost RMB1.90($0.24) in Shanghai today. Due to reasonableness of Cokes price, their products currently reach about 60% of Chinas population.The social-cultural environmentThe social-cultural environment is made up of institutions and other forces that affect a societys basic value, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors. Product decisions are also affected by cultural variables. As mentioned onwards, increasingly Chinese people have already focused on obesity problem. If soft drinks can not consider healthy, this is the risk the PepsiCo have to face. So, PepsiCo decided to carry out a feasible solution that reduce calorie intake from soft drinks.At the same time, PepsiCos decision-making for product and service should also consider local customers purchase habits. It will also radiate a nations cul ture. For instant, the Chinese like hot, noncarbonated soft drinks with nature ingredients or herbs that they believe are good to human health, in particular, they like hot teas. Tea is so popular in China that people call it Tea Culture. PepsiCo realized Chinese peoples drinking habits, then they introduced Lipton Tea quickly, a line of noncarbonated drinks through cooperate with local partner. PepsiCos long-term strategies of localizing production embolden their market share.In order to avoid lost opportunities and bring about misunderstandings, businesspeople have to realize anothers cultural background. taste manners and customs is especially important in negotiations. If the company expected the Chinese people do it my way, they will lose more chances. China has a unique culture that dates back to thousands of year, combined with the factor of about 60 years ruling of communist one-party totalitarianism. irrelevant business people and companies should try to adapt quickly. Consequently, you need learn do it their way.The technological environmentTechnological trends are critically important in identifying marketing opportunities. These trends include new directions in research and development (R&D) that might lead to new products or even to new industries (Assael 1990, p.72). For the live on of failure in new product development the company trunk undaunted, they plan to return to the fast food market with salad vegetables. This time, the company promises it willnot forget the importance of inventory. PepsiCo fully understand that in the low-margin soft-drink business, one of the key competitive advantages lies on the efficiencies in every aspect of business process, from procurement of raw and semi-finished material to inventory management, from production planning to material requirements planning, from distribution to service, etc.As the leader in this industry, PepsiCo knows how critical role information technology plays in its success. In fact, it has a long history of employing advanced information technology to support its direct-store-delivery business model and management. In China, PepsiCo China use Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implemented by UFIDA.Moreover, PepsiCos ultimate weapon in maintaining its market leadership is seek and Development. Since product formulations are kept as trade secrets most of the patents are related to technology that supports beverage industry. PepsiCo will use its patents to increase its market share in each and every market it serves R &D delivers true value to coke consumers worldwide.The key areas of technologies where most of the patents filed are Packaging, peddling Equipment, Fountain Equipment, Water Treatment and alternative refrigeration technologies. In China technologies related to water treatment and vending equipment will come clever in gaining market share. The company will also be agonistic to develop new technologies for Chinas country specific use. some(prenomi nal) new technologies will be used in designing and backpacking new products. Research and Development will also try to add local herbal products to add more energy to the drink and give a local flavor to the product. Research and Development will use a small-scale bottling system to test bottling runs of new product. It will thrust sure that the new drink can be produced and bottled in a massive scale. PepsiCo will also take its testing of new product on road and test it in various regions of China to seduce sure that it will be acceptable in all regions of China.5.0 decisivenessMost films face external environment that are highly turbulent, complex, and global-conditions that make interpreting them increasingly difficult (Ireland and Hitt 1999, p.43). In todays complex and rapidly changing environment, marketing managers need use PEST analysis to make effective and timely decisions. Understanding one nations macro-environment diversity that could positively impact your business relationship is the key to success in this country. The PepsiCo is a good example in this report.The PepsiCo entirely understands Chinas various external environments, consumers behaviors and practices that localization is their long-term market strategy. As Porter (1985) stated the importance of analysis the macro-environment every industry has an underlying structure or set of fundamental economic and technical characteristics. The strategist must learn what makes the environment tick. It can be reason out that the best products and technology may fail to meet with acceptance in markets around the world because of lack of local macro-environmental awareness.LIST OF REFERENCEJobber D. 2001, _Principles and Practice of Marketing_, 3rd edn., McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller 2006, _Marketing Management_, 12nd edn., Pearson Prentice Hall CompanyPepsiCo 2006, viewed 26 July 2007, .Louise E. Boone and David L. Kurtz n.d. _Contemporary Marketing plus_, 8th edn., The Dryden Press.Joseph F. Hair, Jr. and Charles W. Lamb, Jr. and Carl McDaniel 1992, _Principles of Marketing,_ South-Western Publishing Company, p.52.Ricky W. Griffin and Michael W. Pustay 2003, _International Business A managerial Perspective_, 3rd edn., Pearson Education Inc., p.85.Patworks 2003, Doing Business in China, viewed 27 July 2007, .Eight Ways to Avoid Marketing floor, _Sales & Marketing Management,_ April 1989, p.55.Henry Assael 1990, _Marketing Principles & Strategy_, The Dryden Press, p.72.R. D. Ireland and M. A. Hitt 1999, Achieving and Maintaining Strategic Competitiveness in the 21st century the Role of Strategic Leadership, _Academy of Management Executive,_ p.43.Michael E. Porter 1985, _Competitive Advantage Creating and Sustaining Superior_ _Performance_, rationalise Press.Gary Armstrong and Philip Kotler 2003, _Marketing An Introduction_, 6th edn., Prentice-Hall Publishing Company, p.149.

Educational Coaches Essay

educational or focussingal buses also called master teachers in elementary and secondary education ar facilitators who train other teachers to improve instructional practices and generate higher(prenominal) levels of assimilator exercise (Buly et al, 2004). Specifically, they atomic number 18 trained to serve as fight back for checks and territorys experiencing market failure i. e. , that cede large numbers of students unable to comely res publica and national achievement standards (Buly et al, 2004).This document is written as an abstraction to provide qualitative and quantitative evidence (in economic and real terms) that justifies educational managers (elementary, middle and high school promontorys, superintendents and school carte members) utilizing educational/instructional coaches to achieve the following goals (1) improving aggregate siding through schools and governs boilersuit level of student achievement on state- and/or federally-mandated testing, and (2) improving micro-level manner through resource allocation, individual schoolroom management, implementation of learning strategies and instruction of subject matter.The following is a summary of the main points of this document password of what educational/instructional coaches be and their estimated microeconomic impact on students and teachers performances banter of district and schools economic costs and factors including fiscal policy, backing sources, overall output and the impact of budgetary endings such as hiring educational/instructional coaches An econometric case study regression analysis of schools in Duval County semipublic Schools in Jacksonville, Florida that utilize educational/instructional coachesDefinition The field of study of education, unlike almost markets, is not perfectly competitive. Individual buyers (students) and sellers (teachers) do confuse the ability to signifi arousetly influence the cost and whole tone of education. Consequently , educators continuously strive to make the educational marketplace more efficient and productive i. e. , they search for methods and tools that improve the move of and environment for learning and address the diverse and changing needs of teachers and students.Unfortunately, the field of education is constrained by limits, and the equitable and efficient distribution of income (state and federal funding) and other resources (teachers) remains an issue that managers (educational administrators such as superintendents, school be on members and principals) must address annually. In 1989, an educational organization called the National touch on on Education and the Economy (NCEE) developed Americas extract, a school design model ground on high quality instructional materials, technical stand up and professional increase for teachers (NCEE, 2009).educational/instructional coaches are a central component of Americas Choice (NCEE, 2009). The goal of this paper is to determine wheth er or not educational managers are making the most fiscally responsible decision when hiring educational/instructional coaches to bump into district- and school-based needs. While educational/instructional coaches are an often-used solution in some school districts, managers have other alternatives available to provide support to teachers and students in the classroom. These options utilize different methods of resource allocation. One alternative to classroom coaching is making capital onward motions.An example of a capital improvement is upgrading a districts and/or schools technical infrastructure. This would assume purchasing computers and/or networks with more memory and larger capacities for entropy storage and manipulation, increasing the value and useful life of a districts or schools technological infrastructure. This could also involve purchasing software such as web-based educational tools for both students and teachers to use. another(prenominal) option is supernume rary training for teachers through in-service workshops (training provided during the school day) or additional education courses (college and/or university level).A third alternative is realignment of the student-teacher ratio based on aggregate demand i. e. , the total demand (number of students) for goods (teachers/classes) and services (instruction) in the educational market (classroom). A fourth alternative is awarding monetary bonuses to teachers with high or greatly improved student achievement rates. Educational/Instructional Coaches Their Economic Costs and Factors When evaluating the benefits of using educational/instructional coaches, educational managers must ask themselves, What are the accounting and opportunity costs of this decision? In other words, managers need to determine expenses like salary, benefits, health amends for the educational/instructional coaches they also must construct the benefits of other educational options. According to payscale. com, a global , online compensation database, the average salary for K-12 public school teachers in the United States is $42,000 annually for a nine-month school year (Payscale, Inc. , 2009). Educational coaches are often at the top tier for teachers salaries and make on average $52,000 each year (Payscale, Inc. , 2009).Thus, the opportunity cost of hiring an educational coach at a school is, on average, $52,000 annually. An educational manager have an additional $52,000 (plus the cost of insurance and benefits) within his/her budget to invest in computer hardware, software, training for existing teachers, or actually hiring a impudently teacher (thereby reducing the teacher/student ratio). If a school principal hired more than one educational coach many schools have one for every major academic discipline the costs would be even greater. Across a school district, the aggregate costs would be much larger.For example, Duval County Public Schools is a school district in Jacksonville, Florida, h as clx schools, and uses Americas Choice, employing educational coaches at all 160 schools (Duval County Public Schools, 2009). At the very least, Duval County Public Schools accounting cost for hiring 160 educational coaches would be (on average) approximately 8. 32 million dollars annually, not including benefits and insurance. While educational managers must consider costs, they must also contend with economic factors. thither are a wide range of economic factors that view educational managers ability to hire educational coaches.Some of the most important are federal and state government policies, school district management, tax revenue, and student achievement levels. Before educational managers can make hiring decisions, school districts must meet state and federal approval through accreditation (Duval County Public Schools, 2009). Accreditation is the process by which an official clay gives authority to something when recognized standards are met (Lindberg, Ed. , 2004, p. 8 ). The governing body for public schools in the southern part of the United States is the Southern linkup for Colleges and Schools (SACS).In October 2008, SACS awarded Duval County Public Schools full accreditation, which indicates the district complied with meeting state and federal standards for student achievement (Duval County Public Schools, 2009). Schools must be accredited to hire new staff. Thus, the accreditation process was necessary before educational managers could hire educational coaches. Another factor affecting the hiring process is district management. Before principals can finalize hiring any new educators, including educational coaches, the new hires must be approved by the school board (Duval County Public Schools, 2009).The school board is a local authority responsible for the provision and maintenance of schools (Lindberg, Ed. , 2004, p. 1220). In Duval County Public Schools, for example, the school board must vote on whether or not they approve principals hir ing educational coaches. Another factor affecting the hiring of educational coaches is funding. Funding for school districts is a fiscal policy issue and comes from a combination of local, state and federal sources (Howell & Miller, 1997). Local funding is generally financed by property taxes (Howell & Miller, 1997). State financing is generally through sales taxation (Howell & Miller, 1997).Both local and state taxation are affected by state policy decisions and voting decisions of the nation (Howell & Miller, 1997). For example, a governor may issue a proposition to reduce property taxes across a state. If the population votes to accept the tax reduction, the funds available to make hiring decisions are reduced. While federal monies are financed through national income tax, these come to schools and schools districts via an kind of federally mandated programs, often for at-risk student populations (U. S. Department of Education, 2007).For example, No Child left wing Behind (NC LB) is the most recent federal education legislation. Enacted in 2001, NCLB is an initiatory of former U. S. President George W. Bush and it authorizes the distribution of educational grants for low-income students, textbooks, professional development for educators and more (U. S. Department of Education, 2007). Often a schools student population determines how much and if that school can receive federal funding (U. S. Department of Education, 2007) Thus, government policy decisions at the local, state and federal levels affect educational managers decisions to hire educational coaches.A final factor that determines whether or not educational managers hire educational coaches is actual student achievement. If a school has a significant number of students not meeting state and federal achievement standards, educational managers seek solutions through options like educational coaches. For example, in Duval County Public Schools, William M. Raines High School has a student population characterized by low-incomes and low test scores (Duval County Public Schools, 2009). The school district also contains Stanton High School, rated

Role of Project Management

The Role of the confinement Manager A fox double-decker is the several(prenominal) who has the over some(prenominal)(a) responsibility for the successful initiation, intentning, design, execution, monitoring, underwriteling and clo trus 2rthy of a discombobulate. The pedigree title is employ in construction, petrochemical, architecture, entropy technology and m twain contrastive industries that produce dissolvents and service. The head to bus essential keep a conclave of skills including an commerce leader to ask penetrating challenges, detect unstated assumptions and resolve conflicts, as well as more(prenominal)(prenominal) general trouble skills.Key among his or her duties is the cognition that put on the line directly impacts the likelihood of success and that this find mustiness be both formally and informally c arful through come to the fore the life cadence of the trade union movement. attempts recrudesce from uncertainty, and the successf ul advise handler is the wiz who focuses on this as the master(prenominal) caution. close to of the issues that impact a abide arise in hotshot-way or an sepa send from jeopardize. A good get a line coach do- nonhing littleen assay signifi rumptly, practically by adhering to a insurance of unaffixed communication, ensuring every signifi layab discloset participant has an opportunity to express o signal flagions and concerns.It follows that a throw dis devolve on carriage is one who is responsible for making purposes both large and small, in such a way that hazard is reckonled and uncertainty slanderd. Every decision taken by the send theater director should be taken in such a way that it directly bene agrees the flip. visualise issuers use bulge fore design softw ar, such as Microsoft interpret, to organize their tasks and meshforce. These softwargon packages allow stomach managers to produce reports and charts in a few minutes, compargond with th e several hours it git take if they do it by hand. Roles and ResponsibilitiesThe contribution of the range manager encompasses many a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) activities including ? image forethought ? conviction wariness ? embody Management ? Risk Management ? musical none Management ? declaration Management ? chat Management ? homophile Resources Management Finally, senior management must give a stand out manager support and authority if he or she is going to be successful. stage set Management Best approach patterns for Scope Management The knowledge celestial sphere of Scope Management is all close to making positive(predicate) that the exteriorise includes completely the spring overtopd to complete the propose successfully.To be coitus at linguistic context management, send collide with manager must learn to picture what is and what is non in the ambit of the fox. Below atomic number 18 some of the dress hat practices for successful scope management. ? Collect expulsion Requirements ? Define the Scope ? induce out a Work wear offd befuddle got Structure ? Verify the Scope and line Feedback ? Monitor and Control the Scope 1. Collect bewilder Requirements The ability to fundament and then rough-and-readyly rig the scope of a object forecasts a lot on the goals and involvements of the foresee. For this reason, render manager indigence to gather the essential information up front, before you ever start the be after.By substantiateably dread the fates of the stakeholders and the capabilities and constraints of the resources, consider manager stimulate a higher venture to succeed. The easiest way to collect the stand out requirements is to perform inter put one acrosss with the key stakeholders. Ask questions on the button about their views of the nett stageed product, the deliver fits they look to to receive, and the schedule of the turn tailing class. erst cipher manager hit the i nformation need, watch manager whitethorn want to create a Scope Management programme to define the processes that croak female genital organ be followed in defining scope, documenting scope, substantiative and accepting scope, and managing change requests. . Define the Scope The scope of a flip typically consists of a set of deliverables, an assigned figure, and an anticipate closure cadence. The previously collected pouch requirements will do decl atomic number 18 oneself manager define the scope. Be sure to write d take on the nose what the jut will entail and what it will not entail. Any sum of money of variation in the scope of the chuck bottom of the inning affect the project schedule, compute, and ultimately the success of the project. acquiring a clear and concise description of the scope will boosterer project manager manage changes as they occur.With a clear scope definition, project manager dejection patently ask the question, Does this change fa ll in spite of appearance the scope of the project? If the manage is yes, then approve the change. If the answer is no, then put a pin it and save it for an opposite age or project. Scope Creep Scope creep is something leafy vegetable with every project. This refers to the incremental expansion of the project scope. Most of the snip, the client whitethorn come back to the service supplier during the project execution and add more requirements. Most of such requirements use upnt been in the initial requirements.As a result, change requests need to be raised in grade to cover the increasing constitute of the function provider. Due to agate line scope creep, in that respect bathroom be technological scope creep as well. The project squad may require radical technologies in govern to address some of the new requirements in the scope. In such instances, the services provider may want to work with the client closely and confound necessary logistic and financial arrangem ents. 3. Create a Work Breakdown Structure A work breakdown structure or west by south is a graphical representation of the hierarchy of the project.The WBS forces the project squad to find through all levels of the project and identify the major tasks that need to be performed for the project to be accomplished on judgment of conviction. By beginning with the end objective and then successively subdividing it into manageable musical notes or components in terms of size, duration, and responsibility, the WBS provides a high level view of the full project. Furthermore, the framework makes provision and controlling the scope of the project oft easier since project manager acquire a graphical chart to acknowledgment point for the tasks and subtasks needed for to for each one one phase of the project.As a general regularization of thumb, no task within the WBS should be less than 8 hours or more than 80 hours. 4. Verify the Scope and claim Feedback Because projects ar ex pected to receive strict deadlines, verifying the scope of the project is overcritical before and during the project cycle. Scope verification offer be through with(p) after each major task or phase is completed or if it is a smaller project, after the project has been completed. To verify the scope, meet with the project customer or stakeholder and get him/her to formally accept the project deliverables.This includes get a written acceptance of the deliverables and requesting feedback on the work performed. Getting feedback from the customer is an glorious way for project manager to rectify processes and make sure the customer is happy with the work and the status of the project. The just about all worthful(p) thing here is to communicate well and practically. Verifying the scope and getting feedback will help you focus on customer acceptance, step control, and verifying that work performed meets the definition of the scope of the project. 5. Monitor and Control the Sco peNow that the Scope has been clearly outlined, a work breakdown structure has been organised, and the customer has formally authentic the scope of the project, it is time to actually manage and control the scope to rid of scope creep. Scope creep refers to the incremental expansion of the scope of the project, which may include and introduce more requirements that may not have been a part of the initial formulation phases, merely when add embody and time to the original project. To effectively monitor and control the scope of the project, make sure project manager have an established process for managing change requests.Any and all requests should be vetted and approved before they get introduced into the project. The budget and schedule of the project should withal be altered to reflect the new changes. These changes should get a formal sign-off from the customer or key stakeholder before proceeding. It is important that project manager closely monitor and control the scop e to avoid dissatisfy customers, higher than expected be, and projects that bent completed on time. epoch Management Time Management refers to managing time effectively so that the good time is allocated to the effective activity.Effective time management allows individuals to assign particularized time slots to activities as per their importance. Time Management refers to making the outstrip use of time as time is al shipway limited. Know which work should be through earlier and which set up be through a niggling later. Time Management plays a very important role not sole(prenominal) in musical arrangements besides also in our personal lives. Time Management Includes ? Effective supplying ? launchting goals and objectives ? backing deadlines ? Delegation of responsibilities ? Prioritizing activities as per their importance S unfinished the salutary time on the counterbalance activity Effective Planning effect a To Do List or a TASK externalise. Jot down the im portant activities that need to be done in a single day against the time that should be allocated to each activity. extravagantly Priority work should come on top followed by those which do not need lots of our importance at the moment. Complete pending tasks one by one. Do not begin fresh work unless we have finished our previous task. Tick the ones we have already completed. tick finish the tasks within the stipulated time frame. Setting Goals and ObjectivesWorking without goals and targets in an musical arrangement would be similar to a situation where the captain of the ship loses his way in the sea. Set targets and make sure they ar rea slantic ones and achievable. Setting Deadlines Set deadlines for strive hard to complete tasks ahead of the deadlines. diddle to take monomania of work. unrivalled person who can top hat set the deadlines is project manager. go for a innovationner to mark the important dates against the set deadlines. Delegation of Responsibilities Lea rn to say NO at work ready. Dont do everything alone.thither atomic number 18 another(prenominal) batch as well. One should not accept something which he knows is difficult for him. The roles and responsibilities must be portiond as per engross and specialization of employees for them to finish tasks within deadlines. A person who does not have knowledge about something needs more time than someone who knows the work well. Prioritizing Tasks Prioritize the tasks as per their importance and urgency. Know the difference in the midst of important and urgent work. make which tasks should be done within a day, which all should be done within a month and so on.Tasks which argon nigh important should be done earlier. Spending the right time on right activity Develop the habit of doing the right thing at the right time. Work done at the wrong time is not of oft use. Dont waste a complete day on something which can be done in an hour or so. similarly keep some time cleave for pers onal calls or checking updates on Facebook or Twitter. After all human being is not a machine. For Effective Time Management spew Manager Needs To Be Organized Avoid keeping stacks of file and heaps of opus at workstation. Throw what all dont need.Put important documents in folders. Keep the files in their respective drawers with labels on top of each file. It saves time which goes on unnecessary searching. Dont misuse time Do not kill time by loitering or speak slightly. Concentrate on work and finish assignments on time. Remember the organization is not supporting for playing games on computer or peeping into others cubicles. First complete the work and then do some(prenominal) feels like doing. Dont wait till the last moment. Be Focused One needs to be focused for effective time management.Ten Essential Time Management Strategies for the forecast Manager The pursuit atomic number 18 the best time management practices for project managers 1. Use the right likewisels and equipment. In project management, a project managers effectiveness will largely depend on the tools at his or her disposal. Even the nigh talented project manager will be limited if the right softw be and equipment argon not forthcoming. Before taking on a project, project managers should frankincense evaluate their needs. Some aras to consider include communications equipment, project track software, and collaboration software. . Get to know your project personnel. Social, economic, and cultural differences can often lead to mis showing and mis-communication among project aggroup members, especially in situations where a project manager is working with a multi-national project police squad, and these misunderstandings can be a significant draw on project time. To counteract this affect, project managers should be familiar with the social, economic, and cultural differences of the project team members, and then arrest that these differences are taken into account with in project communications. . The 20/80 rule. One of the guiding rules in the management of a project is the Pareto precept which states that roughly 80% of the outputs will be generated by only 20% of the inputs. In other words, a few elements create the about impact. Project managers can capitalize on this principle with the use of a Pareto Chart, a vertical bar graph that identifies in rank hallow the most important elements or factors in a project, so that attention can be directed to the things that matter the most. 4. The fudge factor.When creating the project budget and setting the project schedule, experienced project managers will always include a cushion in their estimates. These over-estimates of time and money are meant to compensate for any small, unexpected problems that may come up throughout the course of the project, and will ultimately help the project to handicap on course. 5. Develop a solid hazard management system. In addition to budgeting for unexpected dr aws on time and money, project managers need to have a solid essay management strategy in place so that a project recovery plan can be quickly implemented if problems arise. 6.Effectively delegate tasks. One of the biggest pitfalls in project management is insufficient delegation of responsibilities. Project managers in particular must be available to oversee the various(a) elements of the project and make key decisions. When they are being bogged down by tasks that can be done by others, then it compromises their ability to manage. 7. lead productive team conflicts. When project personnel are brought together, it is vital that on that point be a clear and focused agenda to the coming together. Otherwise, the time of the project manager as well as all those attending the run across will be compromised.Experienced project managers are adept at ascertain which information must be discussed in a face-to-face meeting and which information can be disseminated via other mediums. 8. Effective communication ashes for communication. It almost goes without saying that a project will never take up smoothly if the right information does not reach the right people at the right time. A system for effective communication of project information among project personnel as well as project clients and senior executives is a must.Not only must the project manager break that he or she is presenting information in a clear, logical, and understandable way, but also that the right tools are in place, such as file- share-out programs, networks, and collaboration tools. 9. Daily personal to-do list. A candid, yet extremely effective time management technique for the project manager is the day-to-day creation of a personal to-do list. Having such a list on hand will help the project manager stay on track and not get caught up in the projects countless details. 10. Stay focused on the big picture.As the old saying goes dont sudate the small stuff, thats the job of the va rious project personnel hired to set out the project to completion. Putting undue attention on relatively unimportant human faces of the project can also quickly bring the project off schedule. Experienced project managers know where they can let go versus intentional which things demand their attention. By following the time management strategies mentioned above, the project manager can help to ensure that all the elements of the project are so brought together in a harmonious path towards project completion.Time Management Tips for Project Managers Summary Time management is a basic skill for project managers. If project manager manage own time, how can project manager expect to manage the teams? Ask each day what project manager did to move the project forward. Plan the next day, what will project manager do to ensure the project continues a keen-sighted the straight and narrow. Plan the time, manage the resources with a light touch and communicate effectively. With a little time management, project success should come easier. Cost Management The following are the cost associated with the projects. Direct costsAny costs that are directly credited(predicate) to the work on the project. These can include the salaries paid to the resources, the billing rate of the resources and costs of the software and hardware that are used for human bodying the website validatory cost These costs are spread out against many projects and cannot be linked to one project alone. These costs include those incurred in divided services like cost of office lieu, taxes paid by the organization and other services like secretarial and janitorial staff Variable Costs Costs that change in proportion to the occur of time and bodily that are spent on produced in the project.Fixed Costs Costs that do not change with the timeline or progress of the project. A cost be either Fixed or Variable Direct or validatory The overhead costs for this project are the office setup and ove rlap services. While the costs incurred in setting up the office space can be general overhead cost as it is a one-time cost and is borne by all the projects in the organization. The project overhead costs are the costs incurred in the shared services such as secretarial staff and other services provide to the project and can be directly billable as such.Time phased budget A time phased budget would include the costs incurred at each interval or milestone of the project. The milestones for this project would be requirements, design, coding, testing and implementation. The budget for the comparable would be the costs at each stage of the project. The budget at completion or BAC should have all the components of the costs included like direct and indirect costs, fixed and variable costs etc along with the cost at each phase or milestone of the project.The cost variance should be noted using acquire Value technique and this tool allows the manager to assess the completion of the pr oject at each milestone according to the cost incurred and the take to be accrued till then. Variance surrounded by these two measures gives an right estimate of the health of the project. Cumulative costs The cumulative costs of the project are the ones that are incurred up to a detail phase or milestone of the project. It can be measured by using a Cost Performance Index or CPI which measures the ratio of the Earned value with regards to the Actual cost incurred on the project.As outlined above, all the costs that accumulate up to a particular phase can be called the cumulative costs of the project. Cost control The cost management plan should include the plan for controlling the costs of the project. thither should be a measurement of the costs concern and their variances tracked, if any. Any variance to the budget must be controlled by the controlling the impact of the cost changes. Further, cost control can be done in the area of overhead costs and general and administrati ve expenses. Estimating Project CostsThe Wideman Comparative Glossary of Common Project Management Terms describes estimating cost as The process of forecasting a future result in terms of cost, ground upon information available at the time. In his book How to be a Better Project Manager, Trevor L Young defines estimating as A decision about how much time and resource are required to carry out a piece of work to acceptable standards of performance. Many techniques, books and software packages exist to help with estimating project costs. A few simple rules will also help ensure you create an accurate and legitimateistic estimate. Assume resources will only be productive for 80 percent of their time. ? Resources working on quadruple projects take longer to complete tasks because of time lost switching amid them. ? People are generally optimistic and often underestimate how long tasks will take. ? Make use of other project manager experiences. ? Get an expert view. ? Include mana gement time in any estimate. ? forever and a day number in contingency for problem solving, meetings and other unexpected pointts. ? Cost each task in the Work Breakdown Structure to make out at a total, rather than trying to cost the project as a whole. Agree a tolerance with the customer for additional work that is not yet outlined. ? Communicate any assumptions, exclusions or constraints project manager have to the customer. ? Provide regular budget statements to the customer, copying the team, so they are always aware(p) of the current position. ? Much data exists about the space of time particular particular propositions of work take, especially in the construction industry. A useful database of production rates can be found at Planning Planet Common Mistakes ? These are some of the common mistakes that can lead to inaccurate estimates. Not understanding what is involved to complete an item of work. ? Starting with an amount of money and making the project cost fit it. ? Assigning resources at more than 80 percent utilization. ? Failing to build in contingency. ? Failing to plant the estimate following changes in scope. ? Dividing tasks among more than one resource. ? Providing estimates under pressure in project meetings. ? large(p) single-data-point estimates rather than range estimates. Three Point Estimating Three point estimating is a technique that helps project managers produce better estimates.Rather than a ballpark estimate, project managers can use three point estimating to gain a outstanding degree of control over how the end value is calculated. The end value is the weighted average of three estimates. To do three point estimating for a particular task or activity, ask the resource for their best-case, most in all likelihood and worst case estimates. Add the best-case estimate to four times the most likely, then the worst case and divide by six. This gives you your estimate (E value) which is a slightly more balanced view of how l ong the task or activity is likely to take.The formula is expressed as E = (B + 4 M + W)/6 B = best-case (1/6) M = most likely (4/6) W = worst case (1/6) Monte Carlo Simulation in MS outmatch The Monte Carlo method of estimating project cost is based on the coevals of multiple trials to determine the expected value of a random variable. There are several commercial packages that run Monte Carlo simulation notwithstanding a basic spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel can be used to run a simulation. Risk Management Literally speaking, pretend management is the process of minimizing or mitigating the guess.It starts with the identification and evaluation of try followed by optimal use of resources to monitor and minimize the same. Risk generally results from uncertainty. In organizations this risk can come from uncertainty in the market place (demand, supply and Stock market), failure of projects, accidents, natural disasters etc. There are diverse tools to deal with the same dep ending upon the kind of risk. Ideally in risk management, a risk prioritization process is followed in which those risks that pose the threat of great loss and have great probability of occurrence are dealt with scratch off. indicate to table below IMPACT ACTIONS SIGNIFICANT Considerable Management mandatory Must Manage and Monitor Risks Extensive Management essential train Risk are bearable to certain extent Management perspiration worthwhile Management effort required MINOR strike Risks Accept but monitor Risks Manage and Monitor Risks LOW MEDIUM exalted LIKELIHOOD The above chart can be used to strategize in various situations. The two factors that govern the action required are the probability of occurrence and the impact of the risk.For ensample a condition where the impact is pocket-sized and the probability of occurrence is low, it is better to accept the risk without any interventions. A condition where the likelihood is high and the impact is significant, extensive management is required. This is how a certain priority can be established in dealing with the risk. Apart from this, typically most of the organizations follow a risk management cycle. Refer diagram below pic According to this cycle thither are four steps in the process of risk management. The premiere step is the assessment of risk, followed by evaluation and management of the same. The last step is measuring the impact.Risk identification can start at the base or the muster up level, in the former case the source of problems is identified. We now have two things to deal with the source and the problem. Risk SourceThe source can be either internal or external to the system. External sources are beyond control whereas internal sources can be controlled to a certain extent. For example, the amount of rainfall, weather over an airport etc ProblemA problem at the surface level could be the threat of accident and casualty at the plant, a fire incident etc. When any or bot h of the above two are known beforehand, certain steps can be taken to deal with the same.After the risk has been identified then it must be assessed on the authorization of criticality. Here we arrive upon risk prioritization. In generic terms likelihood of occurrence ? impact is equal to risk. This is followed by development of a risk management plan and implementation of the same. It comprises of the effective security controls and control mechanicss for mitigation of risk. A more challenging risk to organizational effectiveness is the risk that is present but cannot be identified. For example a perpetual inefficiency in the production process accumulates over a certain period of time and translates into operational risk. The Principles of Risk ManagementEvery project manager and business leader needs to be aware of the practices and principles of effective risk management. Understanding how to identify and treat risks to an organization, a programmed or a project can save unne cessary difficulties later on, and will prepare managers and team members for any unavoidable incidences or issues. The M_o_R (Management of Risk) framework identifies twelve principles, which are mean not to be prescriptive but provide supportive instruction to enable organizations to develop their own policies, processes strategies and plan. organisational Context A entire principle of all generic management methods, including PRINCE2 and MSP as well as M_o_R, is that all organizations are contrastive.Project managers, programmed managers and risk managers need to consider the specific context of the organization in order to ensure thorough identification of risks and enamor risk treatment procedures. The term organizational context encompasses the political, economic, social, technological, legal and purlieual backdrop of an organization. Stakeholder Involvement It is well-off for a management team to decease internalized and obstruct that stakeholders are also key par ticipants in everyday business procedures, neat-run projects and business-wide change programmed. Understanding the roles of individual stakeholders and managing stakeholder involvement is critical to successful.Stakeholders should, as further as is appropriate, be made aware of risks to a project or programmed. Within the context and stakeholder involvement, appropriate concerns the identity and role of the stakeholder, the level of learn that the stakeholder has over and outside of the organization, the level of investment that the stakeholder has in the organization, and the type, probability and potential impact of the risk. Organizational Objectives Risks exist only in relation to the activities and objectives of an organization. precipitate is a negative risk for a picnic, a positive risk for drought-ridden farmland and a non-risk for the occupants of a submarine.It is imperative that the individual responsible for risk management (whether that is the business leader, th e project/programmed manager or a specialiser risk manager) understands the objectives of the organization, in order to ensure a tailored shape up. M_o_R Managing of Risk Approach The processes, policies, strategies and plans within the M_o_R framework provide generic head for the hillslines and templates within a particular organization. These guidelines are based on the experience and research of pro risk managers from a wide range of organizations and management backgrounds. Following best practices ensures that individuals involved in managing the risks associated with an organizations activity are able to learn from the mistakes, experiments and lessons of others. ReportingAccurately and clearly representing data, and the transmission of this data to the appropriate staff members, managers and stakeholders, is crucial to successful risk management. The M_o_R methodology provides standard templates and tested structures for managing the frequency, content and participants of risk communication. Roles and Responsibilities Fundamental to risk management best practice is the clear definition of risk management roles and responsibilities. Individual functions and accountability must be transparent, both within and outside an organization. This is important both in terms of organizational governance, and to ensure that all the necessary responsibilities are covered by appropriate individuals. Support StructureA support structure is the provision within an organization of interchangeable guidelines, information, training and funding for individuals managing risks that may arise in any specific area or project. This can include a centralized risk management team, a standard risk management approach and best-practice guidelines for reportage and reviewing organizational risks. Early Warning Indicators Risk identification is an essential first step for removing or alleviating risks. In some cases, however, it is not possible to remove risks in advance. Early w arn indicators are pre- delimitate and quantified triggers that alert individuals responsible for risk management that an identified risk is imminent.This enables the most thorough and prepared approach to handling the situation. Review Cycle Related to the need for early warning indicators is the review cycle. This establishes the regular review of identified risks and ensures that risk managers re main(prenominal) crude to new risks, and to the effectiveness of current policies. Overcoming Barriers to M_o_R Any successful strategy requires serious-minded consideration of possible barriers to implementation. Common issues include ? Established roles, responsibilities, accountabilities and ownership. ? An appropriate budget for embedding approach and carrying out activities. ? Adequate and accessible training, tools and techniques. Risk management orientation, foundation and training processes. ? Regular assessment of M_o_R approach (including all of the above issues. confirmin g Culture Risk management underpins many different areas and aspects of an organizations activity. A supportive culture is essential for ensuring that everybody with risk management responsibilities feels confident(p) rising, discussing and managing risks. A supportive risk management culture will also include evaluation and support of risk management competencies for the appropriate individuals. unceasing Improvement In an evolving organization, nothing stands still. An effective risk management policy includes the capacity for re-evaluation and remediatement.At a practical level, this will require the nomination of an individual or a group of individuals to the responsibility of ensuring that risk management policies and procedures are up-to-date, as well as the establishment of regular review cycles of the organizations risk management approach. grapheme Management Procurement and flavor Process The art of project management calls for an increased vigil on forest and relat ed processes. The project manager is expected to be aware of the best practices that are used for the project and is supposed to make sure that he or she reconciles them to the use of project management. One area of concern nowadays is the absence of processes in procurement and staffing. These are areas of concern not only to the project manager but also to the organizations.There is a need to balance the requirements of the fast procurement and staffing cycle with that of proper processes to be followed. There has been much debate in many organizations about the lack of whole tone in recruitment and procurement. These twin areas of timber and procurement have the aspect of ruining the chances of a successful project and hence the project manager has a responsibility to steer the course and ensure that pure tone does not suffer. There are several areas of project management that need whole step control and there are several benchmarks of role that can be used to meet these s tandards. For instance, many organizations use Six Sigma and SEI CMM level processes to guide them in the art of quality and meeting quality specifications.These are just one instance of how the quality framework is used to differentiate between the processes that are error free and those that need revision and rework. Sampling method prescribed by Kaizen, Six Sigma etc can be used to improve the quality of the processes that are employed by the organizations. Kaizen, in particular relates to unceasing improvement, a theme that would find resonance in the uber-competitive conception of today. exclusively organizations strive for quality and to find the edge that would differentiate those from others and thus these initiatives are the ones that the project manager must look forward to and implement them diligently in the workplace.To address the issues arising out of poor procurement and staffing practices, the project manager has to be in constant touch with one important stakeho lder i. e. , the procurement and staffing teams and this is where the project manager is expected to show their level of competence by managing the procurement and staffing cycle. Quality Management Vs Quality Control Quality is defined as the degree to which the project meets the requirements (PMBOK, 2009). The operative word here is meeting the requirements and hence anything that is done that is not conforming to the requirements is said to be deviating from the average of quality. In the subsequent paragraphs, I look at the distinction between quality management and the processes of quality control.Quality management is the practice of drawing up plans that determine the standards that need to apply to the project, find out who would be involved in managing quality and their specific duties, meetings to determine if the project is conforming to the quality specifications situated out in the quality management plan and laying out the poetic rhythm that are used to measure qual ity. As defined by the PMBOK, Project Quality Management is the comprehensive plan that includes all the components of the quality formulation process (PMBOK, 2009). Quality control, on the other hand, is the set of processes that measure the metrics of quality by assessing the specific project results against standards.Quality control processes are done during project monitoring and controlling functions whereas quality management is done during the initiating and planning phase (PMBOK, 2009). Hence, quality control is the subset of quality management and is the final phase of the project management cycle. Quality management is all encompass and consists of laying down standards against which the project quality metrics are defined and need to be measured against. Quality management takes into account the cut back level details of how the output of the project is to be tracked and measured. Quality control is the process of ensuring that the quality metrics are met.Hence, while quality management is the process of planning and managing the requirements of the project from the perspective of quality, quality control is the process of measuring the level of output and the quality of the output and typically consists of measuring the output against the quality metrics that were decided upon in the quality management plan. The reason that quality management and quality control are used interchangeably is due to the perception that quality control encompasses the planning aspect as well. This is certainly true in organizations that do not have a separate quality section and quality planning and quality control is the domain of the project management processes. In organizations that have separate quality departments and where there is a well thought out quality plan, quality management and quality control are separate and are handled by different people.In conclusion, quality management typically produces as its deliverables a comprehensive quality management p lan that includes the quality control aspect of it. Quality control in this case is handled by a different set of people who do the tracking and measuring of metrics in a dedicated manner. Typically, the process of quality management includes the representatives from the quality department and the quality control processes are the reverse with the quality department handling the tracking of metrics and reporting to the project management team. Quality control is an independent audit of the quality of deliverables and is necessary for the sign off of the project. Demings 14 Points and Quality Project ManagerQuality is mis mum by many who think of it only as it relates to the final deliverable, but a quality product is itself achieved only through quality processes focused on efficiency, innovation, and unrelenting improvement, and these require a quality management culture not only in our projects, but within our organizations. In chapter two of his 1986 book, Out of the Crisis, Edw ard Deming presented 14 principles that he believed could make industry more competitive by increasing quality. Organizational improvements can begin with anyone. While its true that our professional domain as project managers is bounded by the project life cycle, our influence is often much greater than that, and quality management is one of those areas where skilled project managers are best suited to be instrumental change agents first in the culture of their projects, and second, in the culture of their departments and organizations.As project managers, if we follow Demings principles, we can create project environments where quality thrives, not only benefiting our customers and projects, but maybe serving as a tipping point for effecting a quality management change within our organizations. 1. Create Constancy of Purpose towards Improvement Deming is telling management to stop reacting and plan better for the long-term. For project managers What has been traditionally though t of as long-term planning is no longer achievable. Business changes too rapidly, and comminuted, up-front plans take too long to produce and are always superannuated by the time theyre committed to paper.Yet projects must have a plan that establishes activities, milestones, and priorities, so what we should strive for in our projects is thorough planning based on iterative, rolling-wave, or Agile approaches. Thorough planning uses detailed planning for the short-term with a longer-term view emphasizing constant reviews, re-planning, and risk management, especially for opportunities that can be exploited. This results in a project plan that can adapt quickly to abrupt business and deliverable changes without throwing the project into chaos. 2. Adopt the new Philosophy Deming is telling management to stop being hypocritical, awaken itself to the challenge, and arrive leading.For project managers People will always see through anyone who says one thing, but whose actions are entir ely different. Lasting, energizing change starts first with us, and only then will it spread outward and excite others into action. As managers, our nubble values cant just be expressed through our words, but they must be evident in all our actions with our teams and coworkers. It takes time, but as our contentedness and attitude spread to an ever-broadening base of people, a domino effect takes place and the members themselves become believers and evangelists in quality management themselves. 3. Cease Dependency on Inspection Deming is reminding management that the need for inspection will decrease if quality problems are prevented in the first place.For project managers We all know that prevention is better than inspection, so our project management and execution processes need revenant improvement methods built into them to reduce quality problems. But inspection goes beyond its purely quality connotations. Are we propagating a management style based on inspection? If our tea m has a tendency to run everything first past us for approval then we may be, and that isnt good for us, the team, or the project. Our responsibility as a project manager isnt to be the move through which everyone seeks approval. If thats what is make iting then the project will stagnate and become inflexible.Instead, lets make sure we create a project culture where the team has the skills, information, and experience it needs to make every-day, rapid decisions on its own. 4. End the Practice of Awarding Business on the Basis of impairment Tags Demings purpose behind this point was to eliminate variations in the manufacturing process by having too many suppliers of component goods. For project managers Price alone should rarely be the determining factor because most procurement needs go beyond simple commodities. When a project is likely to involve frequent changes, we need vendors who can adapt or offer their own new ideas for responding to those changes, and that isnt likely to detect when cut-rate suppliers are chosen.This principle also holds true in our role as the vendor for internal or external customers. We are not just collectors of requirements we need to be engaged with the customer and stakeholders, understanding their business objectives in order for us to provide the deliverable that best meets their ever-changing needs. 5. Improve Constantly and Forever Deming is reminding industry leaders that they have to always strive to reduce variation, which leads to quality problems. For project managers unremitting improvement is a core philosophy of the PMBOK, but it isnt like a switch that gets dour on or off. Its a mindset that is nurtured by the right environment.Members of the team need skills, information, and knowledge beyond their core subjects of expertise, and we should encourage experimentation and reward mistakes made in the search for innovation, which means we need to eliminate tap and ingrain the lessons-learned process in every p art of the project. Large-scale improvements and advance(a) approaches often come from amateurs and not specialists because amateurs are driven by their interest in the subject and less wedded to preconceived notions and ideas. Chris Anderson, author of The unyielding Tail, says, Ill take a passionate amateur over a bored professional any day. 6. Institute Training on the Job on the job training increases efficiency and results in job outputs with fewer errors. For project managers Continuous improvement extends beyond just processes.It applies to the hard and soft skills, experiences, and knowledge of the entire project team. Professional development, coaching, and mentoring should be encouraged, acknowledged, and rewarded. Training doesnt have to be expensive, and it doesnt have to be formalised. Some of the best training experiences involve group-led efforts that also set as team building exercises, such as Webinars, vendor demonstrations, and specific discussions on best pr actices. 7. Institute Leadership Deming wants management to be leaders not merely supervisors. For project managers The problem on most projects is not a lack of management but a lack of leadership.Leadership is more about people skills than about project management skills. Few projects have sponsors that view themselves as the leader on the project, and if the leadership charge is not picked up by the project manager then the project is not likely to be successful. A leader translates the projects vision into actions that excite, inspire, and motivate the project team, and he or she is able to instil a perception that the project isnt just creating a deliverable its accomplishing something phenomenal for the customer. 8. Drive out attention Deming tells us that management by solicitude or punishment is foul because it inhibits questions and ideas from the workforce.For project managers Fear stifles two cornerstones of quality innovation and continual improvement. A fearful team isnt going to generate new ideas and its going to conceal its mistakes, leading to a poor lessons learned process. Demings point goes beyond what most of us associate with fear. Fear is also that little voice all of us hear that suppresses us from speaking up or overlap ideas fear of failing, fear of sounding silly, fear of making a mistake, fear of missing a deadline, fear of stepping on anothers toes, and so on. Yet these fears are just as detrimental to quality as fear of punishment. Its a lack of trust between team members and in the projects leadership that drives these fears.If we improve trust, team members will be more ordain to share their ideas and question existing processes. 9. Break Down Barriers Between Staff Areas Deming wants everyone to realise that each person is a customer of someone and that everybody is a supplier to somebody. For project managers Silos and a rigid hierarchy are dangerous not only to the project, but to the organisation. Innovation and cont inual improvement come about by somebody seeing a connection that is not inherently obvious, and connections cant be discovered when one is stuck behind artificial barriers. We can help break those barriers by exposing people to diverse situations outside their normal environment and cherish zones.Though there is a short-term productivity loss when people work outside their specialty, there is a longer-term gain for the project and organisation. This strategy helps build a larger pool of generalists in many subjects, and new experiences are a powerful motivator for many people. This approach also improves opportunities for modern approaches and is a risk management strategy should key personnel leave the project. 10. Eliminate Slogans, Exhortations, and Targets for the Work Force Slogans imply the problem is with the employees, but the real problem is with the process. For project managers The first point we have to accept is that we are responsible for problems within the project , any(prenominal) those issues might be.It isnt the teams fault, the customers fault, or the organisations fault its our fault. The base causes of most project problems are deficiencies in communication, scope, requirements, activity definitions, project planning and re-planning, risk management, and stakeholder involvement. All of these are within our professional domain even if we arent the ones personally performing them. Its our responsibility to make sure the project processes are performed effectively to a level appropriate for the project. 11. Eliminate Management by Objectives Setting production targets only encourages people to meet those targets through whatever means necessary, which causes poor quality.For project managers On the surface this principle belike sounds like heresy to most of us how can a project be managed if targets arent set? Well, it cant, but that wasnt Demings point. Hes talking about short-sighted versus thorough planning. Setting targets in respo nse to a problem without first understanding and addressing the pedigree causes in the processes will only lead to more quality problems. Milestones are the predominant targets for projects, and they need to be challenging to motivate the team, but they have to be achievable and flexible. Yet flexibility is one of the most common scheduling failures a project manager makes, especially on projects that are very iterative and involve rolling wave planning.As these projects progress, milestones have to be continually reassessed, and this often means that the original dates get pushed. Too many of us perceive these readjustments as missing our target because were too unite to dates that were only best-guesses or top-down estimates set early in project planning. We also should be careful to present milestone dates to stakeholders as estimates and help them understand the iterative nature of these kinds of projects as the project is better understood and the work needed becomes clearer , milestone dates may change. 12. Remove Barriers to Pride of trade Deming tells us that nobody feels good about producing shoddy work.When management creates an environment that fosters poor quality, employees are frustrated. For project managers Recognising the team and individuals for their contributions and achievements helps instil pride of workmanship. Everyone on the project team should feel that his or her work is recognised and valuable to the projects success. Sincere appreciation is one of the easiest and cheapest yet most effective move agents we can use. Even failures and mistakes are achievements as long as there were valuable lessons learned. 13. Institute Education and Self-Improvement Deming wants everyone, managers and the workforce, to pursue training, education, and self-improvement.For project managers current professional development is expected of certified project managers, but we should also expect and encourage it among our team and coworkers. Nearly eve ry profession has its own certification and continuing education requirements, and our team members will appreciate it if we have a general understanding of their professions requirements, recognise them for certification efforts, and help them with opportunities for meeting those requirements. 14. The Transformation is Everyones Job Deming says that everyone is involved in the fixing the processes. For project managers This one is easy if weve done everything else right because all the other principles will result in quality management culture where everyone is involved in continual improvement and innovation.Having experienced first-hand a quality management experience, the people on our team will in turn spread those ideas to other project teams. Communications Management Having good communication skills is one of the key abilities of a project manager. However, this fact is frequently overlooked when choosing the ideal candidate for that position. Moreover, it is not emphasized as much as it should in most project management training programs. Thus, many times we find project managers with excellent management and technical skills but which are really not-that-good communicators. Why is it so important? First of all, because a good leader should be a great communicator in order to lead and motivate his or her team, as we have discussed before.This is something that not only applies to the members of the team but to all the stakeholders of the project. A project manager has to be aware that all of them have different profiles and interests, and that it requires from him or her great ability to adapt the message to each one. Communication principles Good communication should be based on accuracy, clarity, transparency and interaction. accuracy has to do with the detail and scope of the information that is being transmitted. The project manager must be able to provide the information that is needed for everyone within and outside the team. Sometimes excessiv ely detailed information may depart attention from the main message and can lead the interlocutor to confusion.Mostly, the communication with the team should focus on the objectives, and the plan to take to achieve them. While, for example, information that is provided to clients will focus on the requirements of the project and its evolution. To ensure information clarity, the expression is a crucial thing and the project manager must utterly handle all its variants. Generally, it will be common to use a more technical and specific language within the team, and a more formal style if the message is addressed to a client or a company directive. Transparency has a direct impact on the project managers credibility. A project managers honesty should be beyond doubt, and so, he or she has to provide persisting communication about the problems that arise.The last principle, but not a less important one is interaction. Communication cannot be unidirectional. In all situations, with an y type of interlocutor, the project manager must be open to dialogue. He or she has to know how to both ask and listen in order to get accurate information that can be relevant in later decisions. It is essential to have continuous communication with all parties involved in the project. To help project manager with this, Doolphy, as an online project management tool, helps project manager to centralize all project information and adjust the access to each kind of user. Top Five Communication Skills for Project Managers 1.Active Listening In first place is project manager ability to listen to and understand others. Listening to the words and the meaning behind their words, not interrupting or letting our minds wander, asking questions to check understanding, observing non-verbal signals. According to Indian project manager Nirav Patel CAPM The benefits include getting people to open up and due to that lots of misunderstandings and conflicts can be resolved. 2. Building Relationships based on Trust and Respect Trust and respect are the cornerstones of personal bloods. They are earned not a right and come from experience of our honesty, unity and expertise.Among the characteristics people used to determine project manager credibility are truthfulness, openness, willingness to share ideas and information freely, consistency, reliability, loyalty, capabilities and competence. Trust encourages people to propose ideas, suggest ways to enhance work, speak of their concerns and give advice, says Dubai-based Kareem Shaker PMP. 3. Setting Clear Priorities In third spot is a project managers ability to adopt the strategy for their team by setting goals, planning and prioritizing. This is the what, who, when, where, why and how of the project. Team members should understand both the big picture and the lower level technical priorities. fundamentally this is what a project manager does.If you cant do it you wont get everybody working on the same page, says Australian P aul Ramussen. 4. Enabling Collaboration In a collaborative environment team members support and encourage each other rather than focusing solely on their own tasks and responsibilities. They are willing to co-operate and share information, ideas and assets to help each other. The result can be greater than the sum of its parts. When we collaborate we get the 11=3 effect. Things happen that might not have if people had remained focused on their own work, says American Adam Michaelson PMP. 5. Conveying the Organisations Vision Contract In Project Management Project Contract TypesExplaining the bigger picture helps team members understand where the project fits within the overall aims of your business unit and organization. Senior executives are focused on the triple bottom line finances, environment, reputation this is where they expect your project to make a difference. American Jhaymee Wilson PMP says As project managers if we cant convey the link between our project and the organ ization how can we show we are delivering value? This article is based on research among project managers from around the world and was originally published as Five Essential Rules for Project Leaders on the PMI Career Central website. IntroductionIn the world of business, exhorts are used for establishing business deals and partnerships. The parties involved in the business troth decide the type of the contract. Usually the type of the contract used for the business engagement varies depending on the type of the work and the nature of the industry. The contract is merely an elaborated agreement between two or more parties. One or more parties may provide products or services in return to something provided by other parties (client). The contract type is the key relationship between the parties engaged in the business and the contract type determines the project risk. Example most widely used contract typesFixed Price (Lump Sum) This is the simplest type of all contracts. The te rms are quite straightforward and easy to understand. To put in simple, the service provider agrees to provide a defined service for a specific period of time and the client agrees to pay a fixed amount of money for the service. This contract type may define various milestones for the deliveries as well as KPIs (Key Performance Indicators). In addition, the contractor may have an acceptance criteria defined for the milestones and the final delivery. The main advantage of this type of contract is that the contractor knows the total project cost before the project commences.Unit Price In this model, the project is divided into units and the charge for each unit is defined. This contract type can be introduced as one of the more flexible methods compared to fixed price contract. Usually the owner (contractor/client) of the project decides on the estimates and asks the bidders to bid of each element of the project. After bidding, depending on the bid amounts and the qualifications of bi dders, the entire project may be given to the same services provider or different units may be allocated to different services providers. This is a good approach when different project units require different expertise to complete. Cost PlusIn this contract model, the services provider is reimbursed for their machinery, labour, and other costs, in addition to contractor paying an agreed fee to the services provider In this method, the services provider should offer a detailed schedule and the resource allocation for the project. Apart from that, all the costs should be properly listed and should be reported to the contractor periodically. The payments maybe paid by the contractor at a certain frequency (such as monthly, quarterly) or by the end of milestones. Incentive Incentive contracts are usually used when there is some level of uncertainty in the project cost. Although there are nearly-accurate estimations, the technological challenges may impact on the overall resources as wel l as the effort.This type of contracts is common for the projects involving pilot programs or the project that harness new technologies. There are three cost factors in an Incentive contract target price, target profit, and the maximum cost. The main mechanism of Incentive contract is to divide any target price overproduction between the client and the services provider in order to minimize the business risks for both parties. Retainer (Time and Material T&M) This is one of the most beautiful engagements that can get into by two or more parties. This engagement type is the most risk-free type where the time and square used for the project are priced. The contractor only requires knowing the time and framework for the project in order to make the payments.This type of contracts has short delivery cycles and for each cycle separate estimates are sent of the contractor. Once the contractor signs off the estimate and Statement of Work (SOW), the services provider can start work. Unl ike most of the other contract types, accomplice contracts are mostly used for long-term business engagements. Percentage of saying Fee This type of contracts is used for engineering projects. Based on the resources and material required, the cost for the construction is estimated. Then, the client contracts a service provider and pays a percentage of the cost of the project as the fee for the services provider. As an example, take the scenario of constructing a house. Assume that the estimate comes up to $230,000.When this project is undertake to a services provider, the client may agree to pay 30% of the total cost as the construction fee, which comes up to $69,000. Conclusion Selecting the contract type is the most crucial step of establishing a business agreement with another party. This step determines the possible engagement risks. Therefore, companies should get into contracts where there is a minimum risk for their business. It is always a good idea to engage in fixed bid s (fixed priced) whenever the project is short-termed and predictable. If the project nature is exploratory, it is always best to adopt retainer or cost plus contract types. Contract Project Management ServicesContracting a project management professional to manage a project offers advantages in leadership, experience and cost savings. Yet