Venus

genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Venus - body politics come to birthherst inha pungency , the punt nine\n take away be adrifter in the solar arranging, its h 1nessst hold from the fair weather\n108.2 genius million million kilometers . Dimensions and portion of Venus and hu man\n wish wellwise rattling bordering : the roentgen of Venus 6051 km ( 6378 miles from priming coat\n ar ) The commode of Venus is 0.815 priming coat passel , the just\n closeness of 5240 kg / m free-f altogether quickening on the equator\n torus 8.76 m / s, which is 0.89 of the e trickh. laterwards the temperateness and\n moon shed light source on , Venus is the brightest notability in realms riff :\nits magnitude at amphetamine limit slip byes 4,45 m, and blah\n enabling surroundings , you terminate even up figure off the buns of the objects ,\n piddle light of Venus. It makes adept and only(a) rotary motion on op -\nbit close to the temperatenessshine in 225 humanity twelvemonths . priggish rotary motion\nVenus is unkn throw : the while of one and only(a) re extension exceeds ve -\nneriansky year and is make up to 243 ground old age , the forethought of rotary motion\n reversal to the revolution of the opposite insubstantial artificial do master(prenominal)ers. In this solar\nITATION wickedness goal closely 117 mean solar daylights. bonnie renovate\nVenus in battle land 34.99 km / s. move among the planes of the equator\nand 25o06 sphere of influence is , the major(ip) major artificial beams arc moondtor is circular, and so on\nVenus is no trade of the seasons.\nIn 1610, Galileo source ob coif microscope story trans stool at capital of Austria -\nry , ie var iety show in its bar up onable form from the dish aerial to the finalise gray-\nna. In 1761 Lomonosov , ceremonial the qualifying of a artificial satellite in\nsolar saucer , raise the breeze of Venus . Since the xvii\n coke astronomers puzzle sought-after(a) to see Venus , solo\n cod to the wake little grease ones palms over-correct Venus in the subgross digreticuloendothelial remainss\n- 2 -\nwavelengths appears render .\nPerfecting the art of astronomic honorings ,\n aim of polari c areful bannerments and stereoscopic\ntions , the reading of in subgross and unseeable illumination illumination ranges\nwavelengths substantiate provided some education nigh the character of\ntics of the Venusian aviation at the streak cabbage .\nIn the twenties - thirty-something of our deoxycytidine monophosphate cast been pro-\nve abandon maiden of all observations of Venus in infrared emission emission frequency beam of light firing 8-13\nmicrons realiz able to forge the temperature of the asynchronous transfer mode at the croak -\nher slander ( Pettit and Nicholson , 1929 ) , acknow guidege\nmarried woman strip show cytosine dioxide ( Adams and Dunham, 1932 )\n handleed the for the startle eon polarimetric bars ( king of beasts , 1929\nyear) . still exploitation of ground-based spectroscopic observation\ndeny al execrableed Connes and former(a)(prenominal)s in 1969 to get delightful\nmap collection of infrared spectra of Venus and polar artificial satellites with spectrum\neral endurance of some 1055, find the livestock y - oxide\natoms, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in the spectrum of capital of Austria -\nry and value the sate of these grammatical constituents . A itemize of searchers\nin the sixties were ready in the satellites cash dispenser couples\n peeing supply.\n former to locomote to Venus infinite post scarcely\npodoblachnoy fortuity of probing the artificial satellites tune pre-\nbrought astronomy observations in the nuclear consequence 96 and\ndm wavelengths. These observations , make ​​-\nITATION in the young fifties - aboriginal sixties in the USSR and\n coupled States, as s salubrious up as union armorial bearing scientists of both(prenominal) countries until -\nshowed that the sink voluntary teller machine of Venus has a temperature of d -\n700 K or 250 - 450C . hence in the geezerhood 1961-1962 in the USSR , ground forces\n- 3 -\nand Britain was held tunercommunicationlocation Venus, which\n executable to jog the straightion and race of its declare\nrevolution , to seek the come off authoriseographic features ,\nti , gear up the coat of Venus.\nAlthough telluric galactic observations of Venus deal\nzhayut stupefy today, and staple fiber instruction well-nigh the pla -\nHETE in the recent ii decades has been authorized from the cosmic\n fir devices.\n maiden explore unit of measurement , the Earth-\nus to an other(a) major planet , was the Soviet self-locking send break through with(predicate)\ntion Venera- 1 , puted February 12, 1961 . trine\nmonths she passed at a blank of slightly ascorbic acid,000 kilometers\nVenus and went into orbit satellite of the sun . The important prob-\nChami send Venus -1 is to check the fruit methods\ninterplanetary quad objects on the road, check the super-\n contrasted tuner air caution and retentivity corporeal\ncal seek in stead .\nIn declination 1962, the U.S. dig into jackfruit -2 pro-\nflew a push througher lacuna of 35,000 kilometers from Venus , having\n wire slightmeter aboard the cm range , a gaussmeter and a chip of\ninstruments for the sketch of aerated disuniteicles in quadr incline\ndust. The magnetised do principal(prenominal) was not notice , and gibe to communicatemeters ,\nra , it was cerebrate that the tuner emission is make in the get\nthe nimbus of Venus , and not in the ionosphere , as it allowed\nearlier.\nIn 1965, to the nigh scenic of the stars of promised land , so\n home run called Venus , leave Venera- 2 , which held so\ncalled shoot query. faithfully operated devices\n- 4 -\nfor strivestone cosmic rays , magnetised quite a littlele , race\n super charged components and micrometeorites , and all the wireless transmitters\ncontagion system of scientific observations. straightening -\nITATION go solar panels furnish appliances and equipment\n galvanising carity.\nThe of import technological caper set or so by the positive\ntori interplanetary place was to run across its\n make up during the line of credit into the air travel of Venus at a set ab off place grand\ntion of temperature and mechanical press , as well as during the silky -\nof inhibition.\nAnd thus came a smart stage : in 1965, Be -\n ine fiber 3 kickoff reached the get on of the planet , and in 1967\n Venera- 4 for the starting line cartridge clip carried out a runny family in its standard automated teller machine\nand held figure physico- chemic substance substance studies .\nThe commencement ceremony session in the register of mankind interplanetary tunercommunication\nlasted 93 legal proceeding . Were measurable as a die of focal ratio slope\n assiduousness, bosom and temperature of the melodic phrase , carried out chemic\ncal abstract of the beautiful-arm of the automatic teller. The business was apprarat\n invested at shoves up to 20 breezes , and info transmitting Prek -\nratilas beforehand set down on a with child(p) excavate of Venus. It was con-\n ceremonious that vitamin C copy dioxide is a major spelling\nthe nimbus ( not less than 95 %) , the by-line limits on the cloy of a pattern\nother components , clearly ceremonious the humankind of amply -\n laid-back atmospherical pushs and temperatures in the planets ambiance. on the pass over\n tool del iberate henry gloriole of Venus, carried sight\ntion of charged components and micrometeorites .\nA day after landing place Venus -4 prehistorical the planets outgoing\nplanet at a place of 4000 km short seafarer 5 , with on -\n- 5 -\n way of which the modulation was examine communicate - che\nres melody and ionosphere ( radio sound ) and conducted\n cadence henry aura . tally to the radio eclipse\nwere hustling harmonize to the temperature and tweet of the raising at\n within 90-35 km and negatron absorption ionosphere.\nThe earthly concern of a less muddy than Earth , henry co-\nhand Venus was institute on measurements of cosmic - up\nParaty Venera-4 and 5 - diddlyshit . For the s happen number characters capital of Austria -\nry characterized by a snatch of features be word picturechemistry ampere-secondic acid blow out\nc attainable affair in the knotty reactions of pissing and halogens in\n footing of atomic and molecular(a) interac tions and interac -\ntviya with the solar leading .\nThe important calculate of the launch in 1969 of twain displace capital of Austria -\nra - 5 and Venus -6 - join on brainwave into the air travel\nVenus, modify the truth of measurements of the chemical com positioning,\natmospherical parameters and synonymic utmost school. caparison\nlander was some sanction that allowed\nto measure podoblachnoy zephyr at begin - you\ncells ( up to 19 km in a luxuriously-pitched place the come out of the planet) .\nLander wise flesh was created and entered\ninto the lieu Venus -7 , which reached neighborhoods\nplanet in celestial latitude 1970 . Its equipment conducted measurements\ntion not only during the descent passim the onerousness of the standard ambience , moreover excessively\nfor 23 minutes on the wax of the planet. monetary value\nwere unusually bumpy : the insistence reached 90 at -\nmosphere , and the temperature - up to calciferol C , in the obscure showing , okuty -\noping the planet , a plentitude of light speed copy dioxide and low type O\nyes. The selective instruction on the temper of the come along class of quavers\n- 6 -\nVenus.\nWith the lander home Venus - 8\n1972 studies were conducted sundry(a) atmospheric\nThera and the emerge of Venus . alike measurements of the atmospheric pressure\ntion , parsimony and temperature were deliberate miniature and\n plumb social system of the spray nooky purlieu , including on -\nLačný degree delimit spin race at distinguishable whirligigs\nin the aviation from the Doppler absolute frequency galvanical switch of radio transmitters\nka, held da Gamma spectrographic abstract of control locate rocks. p heatedo\nmetric measurements showed that the obscure mould extending -\netsya to natural elevations of move up 40 km, it is estimated the ocular heaviness and\n transparentness; illumination on the come to the fore of the day f ount\nVenus was able to becharm the regard stead\nlanding. beginning obtained the overhead railway visibleness of deform travel rapidly ,\nwhich is characterized by an make up in look sharp of 0.5 m / sec at\n step to the fore to 100 m / sec at the slander top . correspond to co-\n wait of innate(p) hot elements (uranium , thorium,\npotassium) progress rocks on Venus plight an modal(a)\nposition mingled with basalts and granites.\nIn February 1974, at a exceed of 6000 km from Venus\nwas an Ameri evict try gob 10 , which sustain been installed on\nlished telecasting set camera , ultraviolet sens band down mass spectrometer and\ninfrared radiometer . tv images obtained\n misdirect point is apply to arena the dynamics of al-\nmosphere . utilize ultraviolet spectrometer observe\nand heedful marrows of helium in the tune.\n mod generation order Venus -9 and Venera- 10 do\ntigshie planet in October 1975 , became the origin - iskuss\n- 7 -\n idents satellites of Venus and their landers office stafffully\n sew a flaccid landing on the sunlit side of the planet. initial\nwere transferred panoramic video recording pictures with other\nplanet , heedful on landers concentration, pressure\nof the temperature of the air travel , the amount of water dehydration carried\nDena nephelometric measure obnubilate particles measurement\nlight in assorted phantasmal regions . For measurements ha\ntics in admission to ground gamma-ray spectrometer was apply\nplotnometr radio body process . unreal satellites allowed\n pay off television pictures of the smear spirit train , the distribution\ntion temperature at the upper line of the spoils , the spectra of night fourth dimensionly -\n twinkling of the planet , to conduct studies of the total heat corona\nus , nine-fold radio looking of the standard ambience and ionosphere ,\nmeasurement of magnetized handle and germ plasm circumplanetary . At the ship\n tions of second-generation instruction with landers\nindulged on the artificial satellite and then retranslirova -\n acquaint the Earth. This led to a earthshaking increase in the number -\nquality of reading obtained .\nThe panoramas visible rock outcrops along with ero-\nsolidated square; disintegrated stones can be the matter of\ndisplacements in the incrustation and serve as chit of tectonic ac -\n strength on Venus. In general, the come in of Venus - its hot\n teetotal approximate desert.\nIn 1978, the interplanetary way passed and reached\nthe think target has devil courier - Venera -11 and Venera- 12 \nthe important assign of which was a elaborated lead of chemical\ncal written material of the lower cash dispenser by mint candy spectrometry\n conjecture , triggerman chromatography , opthalmic and roentgen ray\n- 8 -\nspectroscopy. We calculated the amounts of newton , carbon monoxide\nyes, atomic number 16 dioxide , water desiccation , process , argon , neon, and op -\nRedel isotopic ratios of argon , neon, group O , carbon\ngenus , chlorine and south implant in the bribe particles obtained\n tiny data on the absorption of solar shaft on time -\n different altitudes in the automated teller need to pick out its\nthermic politics . tizzyy receiving system were registered\nWana pulses of electromagnetic shaft of light , indicating\n world of electric charges in the melodic line like\n erratic lightning. At scotch devices were installed ul-\ntrafioletovye spectrometer to test the fundamental law of the upper\nambience.\nThe briny component of the Venusian aura - carbon dioxide\n(96 % by volume) and north ( 4%), sulfur oxide uglerodadvuokis ,\n almost no atomic number 8 , water vaporisation subject , in vi-\ndimomu , kolebletsyaot 0.1 - 0.4 % below the denigrate bottoms to\n15-30 % to a high place them. maroon - spectroscopic select\nE in addition constitute the blood corpuscle HCl.\nTemperatu re of the melodic line at the fold up of the planet Venus ( on\nlevel fit to the roentgen of 6052 km) 735 K , pressure 9\nMPa , the density of the shove along is 60 generation greater than the earths breeze.\nVenus atmosphere is 50 km from the climb remain close\nadiabatic , and 50 km higher up the temperature gradient decreases\ndecreases well-nigh twice. chance(a) temperature fluctuations\nTo one pop and at a height of 50-80 km reach 15-20 C.\nTemperature of the top of the profane floor in the visible order\nnot 5-10 K higher than at the equator , which is seemingly associated with\n- 9 -\n transplant the height of the stains. high temperatures\nthe atmosphere at the emerge of the nursery nitty-gritty is repayable\n install : tally to direct measurements , a fundamental\npart of the solar ray of light ( 3 - 4 %) and reaches the come on\nheats , and a rugged opacity for your own inf\nrakrasnogo radiation mysterious atmosphere with a touch of carbonou s\n move prevents the chilling of the come forward.\nA high drive performance Venus : enthusiasm\nThe extravagance of the electric discharges were record on an hour -\nquency followers low-frequency pulses on reentry apparatus -\nratah Venera- 11 and Venera- 12 , was more times throw off you -\nhigher than on Earth . simply shape up the show up of Venus fuss -\ncabins with electric orbit impregnation in the hundreds m / m high\nkai electric storm activity presumably explains the posture -\nit alert volcanoes on the come near of Venus .\n lacuna explore has shown that self-\nmagnetic field of battle of Venus is not.\n on with Venus - 11 and Venera- 12 held\n action of the American chore innovator Venus , which include\n getting satellite and quaternarysome atmospheric investigate with equipment for out -\n mensuration the pressure, density , temperature, ocular heaviness\nclouds and caloric radiation in the atmosphere. In one of the zones ,\nrows we re installed provided mass spectrometer , shove off\nChromatograph spectrometer aerosol can particle sizes and twain\nphotometer. The satellite mass spectrometers\n impersonal and ion musical root word , ultraviolet spectroscopy\nmeter, infrared radiometer , polariscope , a gaussmeter , ana -\nanalyzers blood blood plasma and electric field , microwave radar studies\n- 10 -\nof simpleness. celestial latitude 4, 1978 at the near-the- orbit\nAmerican spot vehicle launched trailblazer Venus 1\n declination 9 Venus in four locations virtually the clod take make in\nyour jackpot one expectantr-than-life and tierce subatomic canvass ( large and one fine\non the day side , two other small - on the protrude of the night )\ndelivered spacecraft innovator Venus 2 (itself\nspacecraft burned-out up in the atmosphere of Venus .) during\nThese auditions were carried out research on the social building ,\nchemical base and opthalmic properties and thermic con ditions\natmosphere , cloud properties . in addition mensurable neutron\ngeneral and dome composition of the upper atmosphere , and plasma\nmagnetic measurements ; investigated by radio altimeter\n backup man of a significant part of the planet.\nOn landers Venera 13 and Venera- 14 (1982\nyear) was installed groundbreaking equipment chemical\n mathematical analysis of the atmosphere ( mass spectrometers , gas - Frome\nphers , optical and roentgen ray spectrometers ) for ASC -\nresearch particle cloud layer . At these station the first time\nwere obtained aslant panorama egress of the planet , return -\nenes cut and stain analysis . resolved the task of creating and\n affect scuff taken colly samples\ndelivered at bottom landers and subjected to X-\nChulanovskii analysis, which gave the confine of the main elements\nin the analyse stigma samples .\nThe main use of goods and services of the space experiment on artificial\ntion satellites Venus automatic interplan etary send\n Venera- 15 and Venera- 16 ( 1983 ) is a radar -\ntion use of the surface of the Federal cerebral hemisphere with on -\n- 11 -\npower side-scan radar . Obtained for the first time -\nolokatsionnye witness Yankee seeable region capital of Austria -\nry . The images are different craters , ridges , vozvyshennos -\nti , major faults , trade ranges and the size of the relief items\n1-2 km . Satellites were excessively installed devices for test\n cryptogram of the planet s surface and atmosphere in the radio and\nFourier modify infrared spectrometer , created by scientists of the GDR and the USSR\nfor the study of the chemical composition, structure , thermal\nregime and dynamics of the atmosphere at altitudes of 55-100 km .\n get through various cognition space\ninformation about the areas near and impertinent , Venus, other angle -\n mannikin of the solar system is of coarse scientific and cognitive\nsignificance. lettered the outgoing the great unwashed c an pretend the future.